Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Student of EV LIVE BATCH 16

Solution for Question 1:

Types of Lithium-ion Batteries

There are six types Lithium-ion cells based on their chemical compositions and they are

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

• Lithium cobalt oxide batteries are manufactured from lithium carbonate and cobalt and are also known as lithium cobaltate or lithium-ion cobalt batteries .
• These batteries used in cell phones,laptops,and electronic cameras because of their high specific energy.
• They have a cobalt oxide cathode and and a grahite carbon anode, and lithium ions migrate from the anode to the cathode during discharge,with the flow reversing when battery is charged.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

• Lithium manganese oxide batteries are sometimes known as lithium manganate or lithium-ion managanese batteries,or li-manganese or manganese spinel batteries.
• Moli-Energy manufactured the first commercial lithium-ion cells using lithium manganese oxide as the cathode materail in 1996.
• High-temperature stability distinguishes lithium manganese oxide batteries from others,which are also safer than other lithium-ion battery types.
• As a result,they are frequently used in medical equipment and devices but they also used in power tools, electric motor cycles etc.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide

• NCA batteries are not widely used in consumer electronics, they have great potential in the automobile industry.
• NCA batteries offer high-energy choice with a long lifespan,but they are less safe than other lithium-ion battery types and are rather expensive.
• To ensure driver safety,NCA batteries must be accompained by monitering systems.
• Use of NCA batteries in electric vehicles is increasing.

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide

• A cathode combination of Nickel,manganese and cobalt is one of the successful li-ion systems.These systems like li-manganese ,can be modified to serve as Energy cells or Power cells.
• The anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.Silicon added to graphite has the disadvantage of growing and shrinking.
• The combonation of Nickel and manganese is the key to NMC success.

Lithium Iron Phosphate

• Phosphate was identified as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries in 1996 by the university of texas.
• Li-phosphate has a low resistance and strong electromechanical performance.
• The nano-scale phosphate cathode material allows for this.The high current rating and long cycle life,as weel as strong thermal stability ,increased stability and tolerance if mistreated,are the main advantages.

Lithium Titanate

• Li-titanate is a type of battery that has a growing number of uses.because of it's superior nanotechnology.
• This battery has an extremely rapid recharge time. However these batteries have a lower intrinsic voltage or energy density than other li-ion batteries.
• These batteries could be used for military and aerospace appliactions,as wellas storing wind and sloar energy and constructing smart grids.

Sl.No	Lithium-ion Type	Cathode	Anode	Chemical Reaction
1	LCO	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Graphite	LiC6 + CoO2 <---> C6 + LiCo
2	LMO	Lithium Manganese Oxide	Graphite	LiC6 + Mn2O4 <---> C6 + Li
3	NCA	Nickel Cobalt Aluminium	Graphite	LiC6 + NiCoAlO2 <---> C6 + Li
4	NMC	Nickel Manganese Cobalt	Graphite	LiC6 + NiMnCoO2 <---> C6 + Li
5	LFP	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Graphite	LiC6 + FePO4 <---> C6 + LiFeP
6	LTO	Lithium Manganese Oxide or NMC	Titanate	Li2TiO3 + 2Mn2O4 <---> TiO

Solution for Question 2:

Compaision of different Lithium Ion batteries based on their characterstics.

Firstly ,an understanding of key terms that we are going use for the comparision are as discussed below.

Specific energy: This defines the battery capacity in weight (Wh/kg).The capacity relates to the runtime.Products requring long runtimes at moderate load are optimized for high specific energy.

Specific power: It is the ability to deliver a high current and indiacates loading capability . batteries for power tools are made for high spcific power and come with a rediced specific energy.

Performance: This measures how well the battery works over a wide range of temperatures.Most batteries are sensitive to heat and cold and require climate control.Heat reduces life ,and cold lowers thge performance temporarily.

Lifespan: This reflects the battery life and is related to factors such as temperature,depth of discharge and load.Hot climates accelerate capacity loss.Cobalt blended lithium-ion batteries also usually have a grahite anode that limits the cycle life.

Safety: This relates to factors such as the thermal stability of the materials used in the batteries.The materials should have ability to sustain high temperatures before becomig unstable.instability can lead to thermal runaway in which flaming gases are vented.Fully charging the battery and keeping it beyond the designated age reduces safety.

Cost: Demand for electric vehicles has generally been lower than anticipated and this is mainly due to the cost of lithium-ion batteries.Hence cost is a huge factor when selecting the type of lithium-ion battery.

Lithium-ion Battery Type	Specific Power	Specific Energy	Safety	Lifespan	Cost	Performance
Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Lithium Manganese Oxide	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Low
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	Moderate	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate
Lithium Iron Phosphate	High	Low	High	High	Low	Moderate
Lithium Nickel Aluminium Oxide	Moderate	High	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Lithium Titanate	Moderate	Low	High	High	High	High