Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it
Answer:
Batteries are a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reaction create a flow of electrons in a circuit. All batteries are made up of three basic components: An Anode ('-' side), Cathode ('+' side)ans same kind of electrolyte ( A substance that chemically reacts with the anode and cathode).
When the anode and cathode of a battery is connected to a circuit, a chemical reaction takes place between the anode and the electrolyte. This reaction causes electrons to flow through the circuit and back into the cathode where another chemical reaction takes place. When the material in the cathode or anode is consumed or no longer able to be used in the reaction , the battery is unable to produce electricity. At that point, your battry is "dead".
Batteries that must be thrown away after use are known as primary batteries that can be recharged are called secondary batteries.
Figure: 1.1 Lithium polymer
batteries , for example ,can be recharged without batteries, your quadcopter would have to be tethered to the wall, You would have to hand crank your car, and your xbox controller would have to plugged in all the time (like in the good old days). Batteries offer a way to store electrical potential energy in a portable container.
Figure 1.2 different types,size and chemical.
Components of Battery:
Batteries are made up of three basic components: an Anode , Canthode and Electrolyte, A separator is often used to prevent the anode and cathode from touching , if the electrolyte is not sufficient. In order to store these components, batteries usually have some kind of casing.
Figure 1.3 Componets of battery
Both the Anode and Cathode are types of electrodes. Electrodes are conductors through which electricity enters or leaves a components in a circuit.
1.Anode:
Electrons flow out from the anode in a device connected to a circuit. this means that conventional current flows into an anode.
In a battery , the chemical reaction between the anode and electrolyte causes a build up of electrons in the anode. These electrones want to move to the cathode , but cannot pass through the electrolyte or separator.
On batteries , the anode is marked as the negative (-) terminal.
2. Cathoded:
Electrons flow into the cathode in a device connected to a circuit, this means that conventional "current" flows out from a cathode.
On batteries the cathode is marked as the positive (+) terminal.
In batteries , the chemical reaction in or around the cathode uses the electrons produced in the anode. The only way for the electrons to get to the cathode is through a circuit , external to the battery.
3.Electrolyte:
The electrolyte is the substance, often a liquid or gel, that is capable of transporting ions between the chemical reaction that happen at the anode and cathode. The electrolyte also inhibits the flow of electrons between the anode and cathode so that the electrons more easily flow through the external circuit rather than through the electrolyte.
The electrolyte is crucial in the operation of a battery. Because electrons cannot pass throught it, they are forced to travel through electrical conductors in the form of a circuit that connect the anode to the cathode.
4. Separator:
Separator are porous material that prevent the anode and cathode from touching which would cause a short circuit in the battery. Separator can be made from a variety of materials, including cotton, nylon, polyester, cardboard, and synthetic polymer films. Separator do not chemically react with either the anode, cathode, or electrolyte.
The voltaic pile used or cardboard (separator) soaked in brine (electrolyte) to keep the electrodes apart irons in the electrolyte can be positively charged , negatively charged , and can come in a variety of sizes. Special separators can be manufactured that allow some irons to pass but not others.
5.Casing:
Most batteries need a way to contain their chemical components. Casing , otherwise known as " housings" or "shells" are simply mechanical structures meant to hold the battery's internal.
This lithium battery has a plastic casing it made. Battery casing can be made of almost anything: Plastic,steel,soft polymer laminate pouches, and so on. Some batteries use a conducting steel casing that is electrically connected to one of the electrodes. In the case of the common AA alkaline cell, the steel casing is connected to the cathode.
Types of Lithium ion:
1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)- LCO:
Its high specific energy makes Li-cobalt the popular choice for mobile phones,laptops and digital cameras.The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge , lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. the flow reverses on charge. the drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities(specific power).
The cathodehas a layered structure. during discharge the lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode; on charge the flow is from cathode to anode.
The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power). Like other cobalt-blended Li-ion, Li-cobalt has a graphite anode that limits the cycle life by a changing SEI thickening on the anode and lithium plating while fast charging and charging at low temperature. Newer systems include nickel,manganese and/ or aluminum to improve longevity, loading capabilities and cost.
Li-cobalt should not be charged and discharged at a current higher than its C-rating. This means that an 18650 cell with 2400mA. Forcing a fast charge or applying a load higher than 2400mA causes overheating and undue stress. For optimal fast charge, the manufacturer recommends a C-rate of 0.8C or about 2000mA. The mandatory battery protection circuit limits the charge and discharge rate to a safe level of about 1C for the energy cell.
The Li-cobalt is lossing favor to Li-manganese, but especially NMC and NCA because of the high cost of cobalt and improved performance by blending with other active cathode materials.
Li-cobalt excels on high specific energy but offers only moderate performance specific power, safety and life span.
2. Lithium Manganeses Oxide (LiMn2O4)- LMO:
Li-ion with manganese spinel was first publisher in the materials research bulletin in 1983. In 1996, moli energy commercialized a Li-ion cell with lithium manganeses oxide as cathode materials. The architecture forms a three-dimensional spinel structure that improving ion flow on the electrode, Which results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling.A further advantages of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calender life are limited.
Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high-current discharging. In an 18650 package, Li-manganeses can be discharged at current of 20-30A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80'C(176'F). Li-manganeses is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.
The cathode crystalline formation of lithium manganese oxide has a three- dimensional framework structure that appears after initial formation. Spinel provides low resistance but has a more moderate specific energy than cobalt.
Li-manganese has a capacity that is roughly one-third lower than Li-cobalt. Design flexibility allows enginners to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity(life span), maximum load current (specific energy). For example, the long-life version in the 18650 cell has a moderate capacity for only 1,100mAh; the high-capacity version is 1,500mAh.
Although moderate in overall performance, newer designs of Li-manganese offer improvements in specifc power , safety and life span. most Li -manganese batteries blend with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) to improve the specific energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each sytem and the LMO (NMC) is chosen for most electric vehicles such as the Nissan leaf,Chevy volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, Which can be about 30% , provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving range.
Li-ion research gravitates heavily towards combining Li-manganese with cobalt, nickel,manganese and /or aluminum as active cathode material. In some is architecture,a small amount of sillicom is added to the anoe. This provides a 25% capacity boost; however, the gain is commonly connected with a shorter cycle life as silicon grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, causing mechanical stress.
3. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2)-NMC:
One of the most successful Li-ion system is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt(NMC). Similar to Li-manganese,these system can be tailored to serve as energy cells. For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can deliver 4A to 5A; NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20A. A silicon-based anode will go to 4000mAh and higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the ANODE grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.
The secret of NMC lies in combining nickel and manganese. An analogy of this is table salt in which the main ingredients, sodium and chloride,are toxic on thier own but mixing them serves as seasoning salt and food preserver. Nickel is know for its high specific energy but poor stability; Manganese has the benefits of forming a spinel structure to achieve low internal resistance but offers a low specific energy. Combining the metals enhances each other strengths.
NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. the cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt,also known as 1-1-1. This offers a unique blend that also lowers the raw material cost due to reduced cobalt content. Another successful combination is NCM with 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese (5-3-2). Other combinations using Various amounts of cathode material arae possilbe.
Battery manufacturers move away from cobalt systems toward nickel cathode because of the high cost of cbalt. Nickel- based system have higher energy density,lower cost , and longer cycle life than the cobalt-based cells but they have a slightly lower voltage.
NMC has good overall performance and excels on specific energy. this battery is the preferred candidate for the electric vehicle and has the lowest self-heating rate, there is a move towards NMC-blended Li-ion as the system can be built economically and it achieves a good performance. the three active materials of nickel,manganese and cobalt can easily be blended to suit a wide range of applications for automative and energy storage system (EES) that need frequent cycling. The NMC family is growing in its diversity.
4.Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)- LFP:
In 1996,the university of texas (and other contributors) discovered phosphate as cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano-scale phosphate cathode material. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused.
Li-phosphste is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion system if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. As a trade-off, its lower nominal voltage of 3.2V/cell reduced the specific energy below that of cobalt-blended lithium-ion. With most batteries cold temperature reduces performance and elevated storage temperature shortens the service life, and Li-phosphate is no exception. Li-phosphate has a higher self- discharge than other Li-ion batteries, which can cause balancing issues with aging. this can be mitigated by buying high quality cells and / or using sophisticated control electronics, both of which increase the cost of the pack. cleaniness in manufacturing is of importance for longevity, lest the battry will only deliver 50 cycles.
Li-phosphate is often used to replace the lead acid starter battery. four cells in series produce 12.80V , a similar voltage to six 2V lead acid cell in series. Vehicles charge lead acid to 14.40V (2.40V/cell) and maintain a topping charge is applied to maintain full charge level and prevent on lead acid batteries. With four Li-phosphate cell is series each cell tops at 3.60V, which is the charge should be disconnected but the topping charge continues while driving. Li-phosphate is tolerant to some overcharge; however , keeping the voltage at 14.40V for a prolonged time, as most vehicle do no a long road trip, could stress Li-phosphate.
Time will tell how durable Li-phasphote will be as a lead acid replacement with a regular vehicle charging system. Cold temperature also reduces performance of Li-ion and this could affect the cranking ability in extreme cases.
Li-phosphate has excellent safety and long life span but moderate specific energy and elevated self-discharge.
5. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)- NCA:
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, has been around since 1999 for special applications. It shares similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span. Less flattering are safety and cost. NCA is a furthur development of lithium nickel oxide; adding aluminum give the chemistry stability.
high energy and power densities, as well as good life span , makes NCA a candidate foe EV powertrains. High cost and marginal safety are negatives.
6. Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3)- LTO:
Batteries with lithium titanate anodes have been known since the 1980s. Li-titanate replace the graphite in the anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC. Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity. the cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. Li-titanate is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80% at - 30'C (-22'F).
LTO (commonly Li4Ti5O12) has advantages over the conventional cobalt - blended Li-ion with graphite anode by attaining zero-strain property, no SEI film formation and no lithium plating when fast charging and charging at low temperature. Thermal stability under high temperature is also better than other Li-ion system;
However , the battery is expensive . At only 65Wh/kg, the specific energy is low, rivalling that of NiCd. Li-titanate charges to 2.80V cell, and the end of discharge is 1.80V/cell.
Li-titanate excels in safety , low-temparature performance and life span. Effort are being made to improve the specific energy and lowest cost.
2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics
upload in excel documments in below.
Future Batteries:
Solid-state Li-ion: High specific energy but poor loading and safety.
Lithium-sulfur: High specific energy but poor cycle life and poor loading
Lithium-air: High specific energy but poor loading , needs clean air to breath and has short life.
The below figure compares the specifc energy of lead -,Nickel-and lithium -based system. While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applied to specific energy. In term of specific power and thermal stability , Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior. Li-Titanate (LTO) may have low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of life span and also has the best cold temperarture performance. Moving towards the electric powertrain, safety and cycle life will again dominance over capacity. (LCO stand for Li-cobalt, the original Li-ion.)
NCA enjoys the highest specific energy; However , Manganese and phosphate are superior in terms of specific power and thermal stability . Li-titanate has the best life span.