Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

Battery:
A battery is a device which converts chemical energy contained within its active materials directly into electrical energy by means of electrochemical OxidationReduction (Redox) reaction. This type of reaction involves the transfer of eectrons from one material to another via an electric circuit. It consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

There are two types of batteries,
1. Primary cell - These batteries are one time use batteries and they cannot be recharged for further usage.

2. Secondart cell - These batteries can be recharged and can be used for multiple times.

Lithium-ion Battery

* The battery is made up of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, and two current collectors (positive and negative), the anode and cathode store the
lithium.
* The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the separator.
* The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector.
* The electrical current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered (cell phone, computer, Electric motor etc.) to the negative current
collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery.
While the battery is discharging and providing an electric current, the anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, generating a flow of electrons from one side to
the other.
* When charging, the opposite happens, where Lithium ions are released by the cathode and received by the anode.
* This is the working principle of a lithium ion battery.

Types of Lithium ion Battery Technologies:
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)
Lithium Manganies Oxide (LMO)
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA)
Nickel Manganies Cobalt (NMC)
Lithium Titanite (LTO)
Lithium Iron Phospate (LFP)

1.Lithium cobalt oxide - LiCoO2 (LCO)
* Also known as lithium cobaltate or lithium-ion cobalt batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from lithium carbonate and cobalt.
* They have a cobalt oxide cathode and use graphite carbon as their anode material; during discharge, lithium ions move from anode to cathode, with the flow reversing when the battery is charging.
This type of battery has some drawbacks, including a relatively short battery life and limited specific power. additionally, these batteries are not as safe as other types.

2. Lithium Manganese Oxide - LiMn2O4 (LMO)
* The first commercial lithium-ion cells made with lithium manganese oxide as a cathode material were produced in 1996 by Moli Energy.
* For this reason, they are often used in medical equipment and devices, but they may also be used in power tools, electric bikes and more.
* It is also possible to use lithium manganese oxide batteries to power laptops and electric powertrain cars.

3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide - LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA)
* Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries are also called NCA batteries, and are becoming increasingly important in electric powertrains and in grid
storage.
* NCA batteries are not common in the consumer industry, but are promising for the automotive industry.
* NCA batteries provide a high-energy option with a good lifespan, but they are not as safe as they could be compared to other lithium-ion battery types and are quite costly. 

4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide - LiMnCoO2 (NMC)
* Also known as lithium manganese cobalt oxide or NMC batteries, include a cathode made of a combination of nickel, manganese and cobalt.
* Like other lithium-ion battery varieties, NMC batteries can have either a high specific energy density or a high specific power. They cannot, however, have both properties.
* This battery type is most common in power tools and in powertrains for vehicles.
* The cathode combination ratio is usually 60 percent nickel, 20 percent manganese and 20 percent cobalt. This means that the raw material cost is lower than it is for other lithium-ion battery options, as cobalt can be quite expensive.
* These batteries may come down in price further in the future, as some battery makers are planning to switch their battery chemistry to a higher % of Nickel, so that they can use less cobalt.
* This battery type is commonly preferred for electric vehicles due to its very low self-heating rate.
5. Lithium Iron Phosphate - LiFePo4 (LFP)
* Lithium iron phosphate batteries, also known as li-phosphate batteries, use phosphate as a cathode. They benefit from low resistance properties, which enhance their safety and thermal stability.
*Other benefits include durability and a long lifecycle — fully charged batteries can be stored with little change to the total lifespan of the battery’s charge.
* Li-phosphate batteries are often the most cost-effective option as well when their long battery life is taken into consideration. However, the lower voltage of the li-phosphate battery means that it has less energy than other types of lithium batteries.
* Accordingly, these batteries are often used in electric motorcycles as well as other applications that need a long lifecycle and significant safety.
6. Lithium Titanium Oxide - LiTiO2 (LTO)
* Finally, lithium titanate, also known as li-titanate, is a class of battery that allows for ever-increasing applications. the main advantage of the li-titanate battery is its remarkably fast recharge time.
* Currently, manufacturers of electric vehicles and bikes use li-titanate batteries, and there is potential for this type of battery to be used in electric buses for public transportation.
* However, these batteries have lower inherent voltage, or lower energy density, than other lithium-ion battery varieties, which can present issues with powering vehicles efficiently. Even so, the density of lithium titanate batteries is still higher than other non-lithium-ion batteries, which is a plus.

Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics