Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

Ans:-

A lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery.

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications aslo .

In the batteries, lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as the material at the positive electrode and typically graphite at the negative electrode and a seperater is placed between the anide and the cathode to avoid short circuit of the battery.

Name	Anode	Cathode	Seperate	Electrolyte	Anode Reaction	Cathode Reaction	Full Reaction	Application
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	Graphite	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	polyolefin	Ethylene carbonate	LiC6↔C6+Li^++e−	CoO2+Li^++e−↔LiCoO2	LiC6+CoO2↔C6+LiCoO2	Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras
Lithium-ion manganese oxide battery (LMO)	Graphite	Lithium-ion manganese oxide	polyolefin	Lithium Halide	LiC6↔C6+Li^++e−	Mn2O4+Li^++e−↔LiMn2O4	LiC6+Mn2O4↔C6+LiMn2O4	Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (NCA)	Graphite	Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides	polyolefin	Ethylene carbonate	LiC6↔C6+Li^++e−	NiCoAlO2+Li%++e−↔LiNiCoAlO2	LiC6+NiCoAlO2↔C6+LiNiCoAlO2	Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)	Graphite	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	polyolefin	Lithium Salt	LiC6↔C6+Li^++e−	NiMnCoO2+Li^++e−↔LiNiMnCoO2	LiC6+NiMnCoO2↔C6+LiNiMnCoO2	E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial.
Lithium iron phosphate battery(LFP)	Graphite	Lithium iron phosphate	polyolefin	Ethylene carbonate	LiC6↔C6+Li^++e−	FePO4+Li^++e−↔LiFePO4	LiC6+FePO4↔C6+LiFePO4	primarily for energy storage, moderate growth.
Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) battery	Graphite	Lithium-titanate-oxide	polyolefin	Lithium Salt	Li2TiO3↔TiO3+2Li^++2e−	Mn2O4+Li^++e−↔LiMn2O4	Li2TiO3+2Mn2O4↔TiO3+2LiMn2O4	UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV),solar-powered street lighting,aerospace.

Refereing to the above diagram,we can see there is a battery model,with anode cathode and the seperator and a electrolyte material.

When the battery is discahrging the Lithium gives away its electron and the electron will go through the load and thus the electricity is consumed,but then the lithium ion will cross through the seperator layed and will be acculimated between the graphite layers.

The seperator layer only allows the ions to pass through it and no electron can pass through the seperator layer.If electron passes the seperator layer the anode and the cathode will get Short circuited result in fire or explossion.

During charging a opposite charge of high intensity is applied across the battery which will result in the reverese of the discharging condition.Thus the battery will get charged again.

The lithium battery are more common and highly used among all the batteries because of the property of the lithium.As lithium is highely reactive material and placed 3rd in the perodic table ,but due to the electron giving property of the lithium it is sutable in the battery.And battery can be shaped and size easily.

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

Ans:

1)Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO):

• LCO has Very high specific energy.
• Safety is a issue.
• limited specific power.
• Cobalt is expensive so cost of the battery is also high.
• Life span is also less(500-1000).
• Serves as Energy Cell.
• Cell volatge is 3-4.2V
• used in Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras

2)Lithium-ion manganese oxide battery (LMO):

• High power but less capacity.
• safer than Li-cobalt.
• commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.
• Life is less(300-700).
• used in Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains

3)Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (NCA):

• Shares similarities with Li-cobalt. Serves as Energy Cell.
• As the specific energy and specific power is also good this type of battery is used in TESLA cars.
• Cost if the baterry is similr with the Li-Cobalt battery.
• Safety is also a big consern in this battery.Proper BMS is required in for this type of battery.
• Used in Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)

4)Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC):

• This battery has the higest area under the curve.
• Provides high capacity and high power.
• Serves as Hybrid Cell.
• Favorite chemistry for many uses; market share is increasing.
• Used in E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial.

5)Lithium iron phosphate battery(LFP):

• Very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity.
• LIfe of the battery is high.
• Due to the high specific power the size of the beattery is also less.
• One of the safest Li-ions.
• Used for special markets.
• Elevated self-discharge.
• Used primarily for energy storage, moderate growth.

6)Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) battery:

• Cost of the battery is high among all the batteries due to cathode material(Titanate).
• When the life of needd to be high only then this type of batteries are used(3000-7000).
• Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy, and expensive. Among safest Li-ion batteries.
• UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV),solar-powered street lighting,aerospace.

Chemistry Name	Nominal voltage	Package Type	Life cycle	Thermal runaway(Degree Celcius)	Specific enegergy.
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	3.6	18650,Prismatic,Pouch cell	500-1000	150	150-200
Lithium-ion manganese oxide battery (LMO)	3.7	Prismatic	300-700	250	100-150
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (NCA)	3.6	18650	500-1000	150	200-260
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)	3.6	18650	1000+	290	150-220
Lithium iron phosphate battery(LFP)	3.2	18650,Prismatic	2000+	270	90-120
Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) battery	2.4	Prismatic	3000-7000	Higest	50-80