Project - Analysis of a practical automotive wiring circuit

Q1

Major elements in the above automotive wiring diagram as below:

Generator
Battery
Breaker
Starter
Distributor
Ignition Coil
Fuse
Current and voltage Regulator
Ammeter
foot selector Switch
Junction Block
Sealed lamb
Horn
Dome Light Switch
Gas tank unit
Light switch
tail stop

Q2

1]Generator

Porpose:

Generator is an machine that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electrical generator mechanical energy usually provided by steam turbines,gas turbines,wind turbines.

It works base on principle of faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The faradays lawstatws that whenever a conductor is placedin varying magnetic field,EMF induced and this induced EMF is equal to the rate of flux linkage. This EMF can be generated when there is either relative space or relative time variation between the conductor and magnetic field.so the important elements of a generator are:
*Magnetic field
*Motion of conductor in magnetic field

Types of Generator:

*AC Generator
*DC Generator

Working of Generator:

Parts of Generator

1.Magnetic frame or yoke
2.Pole cores or pole shoes
3.Pole coils
4.Armature core
5.Armature winding or conductors
6.Commutator
7.Brushes and Bearing

Generators are basically coils of electric conductors, normally copper wire, that are tightly
wound onto a metal core and are mounted to turn around inside an exhibit of large magnets.
An electric conductor moves through a magnetic field, the magnetism will interface with the
electrons in the conductor to induce a flow of electrical current inside it.

The conductor coil and its core are called the armature, connecting the armature to the shaft
of a mechanical power source, for example an motor, the copper conductor can turn at
exceptionally increased speed over the magnetic field.

The point when the generator armature first starts to turn, then there is a weak magnetic
field in the iron pole shoes. As the armature turns, it starts to raise voltage. Some of this
voltage is making on the field windings through the generator regulator. This impressed
voltage builds up stronger winding current, raises the strength of the magnetic field. The
expanded field produces more voltage in the armature. This, in turn, make more current in
the field windings, with a resultant higher armature voltage. At this time the signs of the shoes depended on the direction of flow of current in the field winding. The opposite signs will give current to flow in wrong direction.

2]Battery

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy.The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another, through an external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work.To balance the flow of electrons, charged ions also flow through an electrolyte solution that is in contact with both electrodes.Different electrodes and electrolytes produce different chemical reactions that affect how the battery works, how much energy it can store and its voltage.

Types of Battery:

1.Primary Batteries: They are also known as non-rechargeable batteries. These are the batteries that are only beneficial for single-time usage. These batteries cannot get charged and reused. The common examples of primary batteries are Alkaline Batteries and Coin Cell Batteries. These batteries are generally used in watches, clocks, torches, and other low-end electronic devices.

2.Secondary Batteries: They are known as rechargeable batteries. These batteries are the long-term ones, and they are reusable and serve well for multiple purposes. They are a bit costlier than the primary batteries, but they serve the users for a longer span when used carefully with caution and safety. Some common examples of secondary batteries are Lead-acid battery, Lithium-ion battery, etc. These batteries are used mainly in robotics, solar lights, high-end toys, etc.

Working:

Electricity, as you probably already know, is the flow of electrons through a conductive path like a wire. This path is called a .

Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the electrolyte. The cathode and anode (the positive and negative sides at either end of a traditional battery) are hooked up to an electrical circuit.

The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build up of electrons at the anode. This results in an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. You can think of this difference as an unstable build-up of the electrons. The electrons wants to rearrange themselves to get rid of this difference. But they do this in a certain way. Electrons repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons.

In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery. When the circuit is closed (a wire connects the cathode and the anode) the electrons will be able to get to the cathode. In the picture above, the electrons go through the wire, lighting the light bulb along the way. This is one way of describing how electrical potential causes electrons to flow through the circuit.

However, these electrochemical processes change the chemicals in anode and cathode to make them stop supplying electrons. So there is a limited amount of power available in a battery.

When you recharge a battery, you change the direction of the flow of electrons using another power source, such as solar panels. The electrochemical processes happen in reverse, and the anode and cathode are restored to their original state and can again provide full power.

3]Ignition Coil

Purpose:

The ignition coil acts like a transformer. By means of two coils, one inside the other, the ignition coil transforms the electrical energy from the vehicle battery into high voltage, saves it briefly and then emits it as a high voltage current pulse to the spark plug.

The basic principle of an ignition coil:

To produce the required high voltages, ignition coils make use of the relationships that exist between electricity and magnetism.

When an electric current flows through an electrical conductor such as a coil of wire, it creates a magnetic field around the coil . The magnetic field (or, more precisely, magnetic flux) is effectively a store of energy, which can then be converted back into electricity.

When the electric current is initially switched on, the current flow rapidly increases to its maximum value. Simultaneously, the magnetic field or flux will progressively grow to its maximum strength, and will become stable when the electric current is stable. When the electric current is then switched off, the magnetic field will collapse back in towards the coil of wire.

There are two main factors that affect the strength of the magnetic field:

1) Increasing the current being applied to the coil of wire strengthens the magnetic field

2) The higher number of windings in the coil, the stronger the magnetic field.

Q3

Given : load=10A, Battery voltage =12v

Find: Fuse rating

Solution:

power=voltage*current

power=12*10=120watt

Fuse rating is 25% more than actual power rating

power for fuse rating=120*125/100=120*1.25=150 watt

I=P/V=150/12=12.5A

Fuse rating for 10A load is 12.5 A

Q4

Given:Load=500w

Find:Voltage and Capacity of battery

Solution:Recommend voltage 12v

power=current*voltage

500=12*current

current=500/12=41.67A

Capacity=current*time

Capacity=41.67*1hour=41.67Ah

Recommended capacity=41.67Ah

Q5

parallel combination :Generator ,Current and Voltage regulator

they connect parallel because-

1.When appliances are connected in a parallel arrangement, each of them can be put on and off independently.

2.In order that each appliance has an equal potential difference, they are connected in parallel to each other.

Q6

component connect in series :Battery, Starter

They are connect series because-

1.A circuit is said to be connected in series when the same current flows through all the components in the circuit. In such circuits, the current has only one path.

2.The voltage drop across each element can be different and depends on the capacitance or resistance of each circuit element

CONCLUSION:

Above all Quesion on given electric circuit are solve breifly