Project - Analysis of a practical automotive wiring circuit

• Generator
• Ammeter
• Battery
• Earthing
• Starter
• Current and voltage regulator
• Distributor
• Junction block
• Fise
• All Switches
• Breaker
• Ignition coil
• Horn
• All lights and lamps
• Ignition switch
• Tail stop
• Fuel gauge
• Gas tank unit

Working:-

• A car generator is a dynamo. It is able to produce electricity through the rotation of tightly wound fine wires in a magnetic field.
• This magnetic field is maintained by a fixed arrangement of magnets or electromagnets surrounding the spinning windings of wire.
• The current and voltage produced depend on the speed at which the wires spin and the strength of the magnetic field.
• The regenerative energy generated when applying the brakes is used to charge the battery.

• The generator is used for starting and for running the vehicle.
• The generator generates electrical energy.
• Then this electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy.

• Ammeter is used to measure the current in the circuit.
• In this circuit, an ammeter gauge is used which tells that you how much and in which direction the electricity is flowing.
• When you turn on the lights and accessories, the voltage regulator senses the lower voltage and kicks in the alternator. This sends electricity through the ammeter to the battery and when everything is running smoothly, the ammeter will show a positive (+) reading.
• If the alternator is not working or unable to keep up, the electricity flows from the battery and shows a negative reading (-). 

 Working:- 

• When you insert the key in your car's ignition and turn the switch or push the button to 'ON,' a signal is sent to the car's battery. Upon receiving this signal, the car battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy. This electrical power is delivered to the generator.
• A typical SLI battery has six cells. Each cell has two plates or grids: one is made of lead, the other of lead dioxide. Each cell is able to produce about 2-volts of energy. In most car batteries you have six cells, and therefore a 12-volt battery.
• The plates are submerged in sulphuric acid that triggers a reaction between the two plates. In scientific terms, the acid acts as a catalyst.
• This acid will trigger a reaction on the lead dioxide plate, causing the plate to produce two things: ions and lead sulfate.
• The ions produced by the lead dioxide plate react to the adjacent plate to produce hydrogen and lead sulfate.
• The result is a chemical reaction that produces electrons. The electrons race around the plates and generate electricity. The electricity flows out of the battery terminals to start your engine, turn on your headlights, and play the radio.
• This chemical reaction is entirely reversible, which is why you can jumpstart your battery and continue to charge it throughout the duration of its life. By applying current to the battery at just the right voltage, lead and lead dioxide will form on the plates and you can reuse your battery, over and over again!

• The main purpose is to provide an electric current to the electric-powered starting motor, which in turn starts the chemically-powered internal combustion engine that actually propels the vehicle.
• the battery also provides power to the other elements like AC, lights, and so on other elements to run.
• the battery can store energy and supply the energy when needed.
• the battery can continuously supply surge current to the circuit.

 Working:- 

•  The body is connected to the earth terminal of the battery by a thick cable. In a negative (-) earth-return system, the current flows from the positive (+) terminal to the component being operated. The component is earthed to the car body, which is earthed to the negative (-) terminal of the battery.
• Electricity flows from a battery in one direction only, and some components work only if the flow through them is in the correct direction.
• This acceptance of a one-way flow is called polarity. On most cars the negative () battery terminal is earthed and the positive (+) one feeds the electrical system.
• This is called a negative earth system, and when buying an electrical accessory a radio, for example, check that it is of a type suitable for your car's system. Fitting a radio with the incorrect polarity will damage the set, but most car radios have an external switch for setting the polarity to suit that of the car. Switch to the correct setting before fitting.

• The purpose of earthing is to minimize the risk of receiving an electric shock if touching metal parts when a fault is present.
• While the purpose of grounding is the protection of power system equipment and to provide an effective return path from the machine to the power source.
• Earthing helps in the protection of overvoltage, stabilization of voltage
• It shields from the fire that occurred due to an electric short circuit.

• Parking lamp
• Horn
• Sealed beam
• Tail stop
• dome light
• Plastic light
• Almost all the elements which are connected to the earthing.

A horn, for example, is designed to have a degree of resistance so that it consumes a certain current to produce sound normally.

But there are at least two horns in the circuit. If they were connected in series, electric current would have to go through one horn to get to the other.

The current would encounter the resistance twice, and the double resistance would halve the current so that the horn would produce sound only feebly.

Connecting the horns in parallel means that electricity goes through each horn only once.