Project 1

Part-A:

   Cardiovascular system;

           transport system of the body

           it supply nutrients and remove waste products from the body

           blood flows in a closed tubular system

3 components;

       blood 

       blood vessels

       heart

heart;

       four chambered

       hollow muscular organ

       size of our fist

       pericardium covering around the heart

       two distint layers

Respiratory system;

       consists of nose ,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi and lungs

       oxygen to tissues,cells and take away waste products and co2 by the cells

   nose;

       external opening

       two nasal cavity

       palatine bone separates nasal cavity from mouth

       sinuses contain 4 air spaces

pharynx;

       base of skull

       esophagus has 3 divisoins

       i)nasopharynx

       ii)oropharynx

       iii)laryngopharynx

larynx;

       voice box

       made of cartilage

       2 pairs of flods

       thyroid crtilage-adams apple

       epiglottis

trachea;

       wide non collapsible tube

       cricoid cartilage to c6 vertebra

       divides into left and right principal bronchi

       consist of fibromuscular tissue

lungs;

       pair of spongy air filled respiratory organs

       located in either side of the chest

       covered by pleura

       two layers of pleura

       conical shape

Digestive system;

       consists of swallowing,digestion,absortion of food

       mouth to ends at the anus

mouth;

       digestive system begins with oral cavity

       ingestion of food

       small pieces by teeth

       moistening by saliva

esophagus;

      muscular tube

      cervical,thoracic,and abdominal parts

      upper GI endoscopy

stomach;

      large sac like structure

      located in left hypochondriac and epigastric regions

      usually J shaped

      has two ends

      2 curvatures,2 surfaces

      fundus ,body,pylorus

small intestine;

      three parts

      20 feet in length 

      continuous with the large intestine

      duodenum,jejunum,ileum

large intestine;

      major parts are caecum,appendix colon

      first part is ileocecal valve

      ascending colon,transverse colon,descending colon,sigmoid colon,rectum colon and canal 

Heart;

      four chambers

      three layers of heart walls

      they are pericardium,myocardium and endocardium

      have five surfaces

      muscular organ

      collect deoxygenated blood from all parts 

microscopic structure;

      mainly composed of cardiomyocytes ,connetive tissue

      elastic fibers

      massons elastic trichrome stains cann help visualize

macroscopic structure;

      located in the mediastinum

      between two lungs 

      covered by pericardiam

      anterior and posterior flattened cone

common disorders in heart;

      heart attack

      heart failure

      valve disease

      high blood pressure

heart attack;

      when the flow of oxygen rich blood in one or more of the coronary arteries

      which supply the heart muscle,suddenly becomes blocked

       a section of heart muscle cant get enough oxygen

diagnostic tests;

       ECG

       blood tests

       chest X -ray

       echocardiogram 

ECG;

       first test

       records electrical signals

       sticky patches are attached to the chest

       sometimes the arms and legs

       signals are recorded as waves diplayed on a monitor

treatment plan;

       aspirin

       nitroglycerin

       morphine

        statins

YES, surgical plan is applicable for heart attack.

coronary bypass surgery;

       redirects blood around a section of a blocked 

       involves taking a healthy blood vessels

       leg or arms or chest

equipments;

        heart lung machine

        heater cooler

        defibrillator

        sternum saw

        AEDs

post operative care;

         care you recieve after a surgical procedure

          need depends on the type of surgery you have

          as well as your health history

          begins immediately after surgery

newer technique;

          heart flow is the new imaging technology

Part-B;

 skull bones; 

        consists of twenty two bones

        eight cranial bones and fourteen facial skeleton bones

         occipital bone, two temporal bones,two parietal bones,the sphenoid,ethmoid and frontal bones

microscopic anatomy of bone;

         basic unit is osteon

         roughly cylindrical srtructures

         several millimeters long

         0.2mm in diameter

         consists of a lamellae of compact bone tissue

         surround a central canal

blood supply;

         delivered to the endosteal cavity by nutrient arteries

         then flows through marrow sinusoids before exiting via numerous small vessels that ramify through the cortex

bone remodelling;

         the skeleton is a metabolically active organ

         undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life

         removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix through the osteoblasts

         subsequently become mineralized

new bone formation;

         also called ossification

         new bone is produced

         begins about the third month of fetal life in human

         completed by late adolescence 

         osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the medullary cavity

bone implant;

         refer to  self tapping screws for percutaneous implantation of bone around the surgical area

         to obtain retention and clear image data

         healing can take between three to nine months

         surgeon might take bone from your hips,legs,or ribs to perform the graft

indications of bone implant;

         nerve injury

         rejection

         inflamation

         infection

         pain