Project 1
Q.01) Design a battery pack for a car roughly 150 Kw with 120 V. Use 3500 mAh 3.6V nominal NMC chemistry cell.
Design the battery pack configuration.
Draw the BMS topology for this battery pack.
Aim:
To design the battery pack with the capacity 150Kw 120V by using 3500mAh 3.6V. And BMS topology for the battry pack
Calculation:
To design the battery pack we need cells which are connected in series and parallel to meet the requirment.
Let us concider the cells with
Nominal voltage = 3.6v
Capacity = 3500mAh = 3.5Ah
To meet the requirment of 120v and 150Kw, we need to find the number of cells connected in series and parallel.
First convert the battery capacity 150Kw to Ah
Amper hour = Watt hour / Voltage
Amper hour = 150*1000 / 120 = 1250 Ah
Series:
Number of cells in series = required voltage / Nominal voltage of the cell
Number of cells in series = 120/3.6 = 33.33
We have to round off to lower value and higher value
Number of cells in series = 34
Total volatge = nominal votage of cell * number of cells in series
Total voltage = 3.6*34 = 122.4v
The condition to choose the number of cells are
Nomial voltage of battery should not excide the Load volatge
Max Voltage of battery should be less than the Load Max Volatge
Min Voltage of battery should be greater than the Load min Voltage
We have to round off to lower value so that it will not excide the required value
There four Number of cells in series = 33
Output total volatge will be 118.8V
The output voltage can be adjusted to 120v by a Buckboost converter to meet the requirment of 120v
Parallel:
Number of cells in parallel = required capacity / cell capacity
Number of cells in parallel = 1,250 / 3 = 416.6
We have to round off to lower value and higher value
Round off to higher value Number of cells in series = 417
The output capacity = cell capacity * number of cells in parallel
The output capacity = 417*3 =1251Ah
The number of cells in Parallel = 417
The Output Capacity will be 1,251Ah
The Current can be limitted to requied value bu using current limitters.
Now the battery pack is made of 33S417P pack so that it can meet the required output of 120v,1250Ah or 120V 150Kw
As the number of cells in series and parallel are very high which makes manufacturing difficult. So, we need to divide it into sub battery packs and remake the connections to get the requried output
As the BMS Supports the max 18 cells in series so we need to divide the 33 sereis cells to 18 cells series sub battery pack which leads to 2 series sub connections one with 18 and another with 15
To make it compact parallel connectons we need to make 52 cells in parallel for each sub pack which leads to 8 parallel connections
Total result in 2 sub battery packs in sereis one with 18 cells in series and another with 15 cells in series and 8 sub battery pack in parallel each with 52 cells in parallel and any one with 53 to meet the requirment 33S417P.
One sub battery pack configuration is 18S52P and another sub battery pack configuration is 15S52P which results in 33S52P pack with 8 copies. these 8 33S52P are connected in parallel (One of the pack with 33S53P) to make 33S417P.
Each 18S52P pack is connected in series with the each 15S52P pack results in 33S52P
All 8 33S52P(18S52P+15S52P) are connected in parallel results in 33S417P
Note that last pack in parallel connection contains as 18S53P series with 15S53P pack, one parallel connection is increased in that sub pack to meet the Requirement of 33S417P
Battery Management Sytem (BMS):
BMS Topology used in this battery pack is Master and Slave BMS Topology. Because the total battery pack is made of sub battery packs so controlling and manufacturing will be easy.
Master and Slave BMS which has number of slave controllers are 16 and a Master controller which can handel 16 slaves.
It consisting of input sensors of volatge,current and temperature. The voltage sensor analog signal is converted to digital signal by AFE, the current sennsor analog signal is converted to digital signal by the MCU or we can connect the ADC converter between the Current sensor and MCU, the temperature sensor analog signal is converted to digital signal by the MCU or we can connect the ADC converter between the Temperature sensor and MCU. The Realy module control the Realy which make or brack the circuit by the command given be the MCU. The CAN and RS485 are Communication protocalls to the Outside world.
The Blocks inside the red line are the BMS blocks. It is designed with the three 18 cell Slave controller which is AFE, it converts the anolog signal from voltage sensor in the battery to Digital signal. The 3 Slaves are connectes in series as shown, the salve-1 will collect the data from module-1 and send to slave-2, slave -2 will collect the data from module-2 , now the salve -2 consisting the data of slave-1 and 2 and it sends the both the data to slave-3, the save-3 will collect the data from module-3, now the slave-3 consisting the data of slave-1,2 and 3, like continues for all 16 slaves and at last all the data is send to Master controller which is MCU. It control the battery pack according to the protocals which is given to MCU.
Note that all the slave have a capacity of 18 cell series connection even though half of the sub battery packs have only 15 series cell besuse if we want to upgrade the capacity we can do by increasing Ah of battery pack i.e., by incresing the number of series cells. It makes easy to upgrade the battery pack but in a limitted way.
We can also use the combination of 8 Master and slave BMS i.e., 2 slaves 18S52Pa and 15S52P and a master controller of 8 numbers. For all master control will have one single controller or all the 8 master controllers can directly connected to the MCU. But its costly and complicated process.
The battery pack was made to design as 33S417P divided into sub battery packs which is combination of 18S52P series with 15S52P, this combination is paralled with 8 copies as shown above toatl results in 33S417P with capacity of 150Kw with 120V.
To charge and discharge the Total battery pack Master and Slave BMS topology is used which is efficient in all ways like cost, design,control and instalation.
Q02. Build a 3S2P battery pack configuration with generic battery block using Matlab/Simulink.
For the Generic Battery Model, we required a Battery in MATLAB
from this battery model, we will get 3 output value
1. SoC%
2. Current &
3. Voltage
Configure the battery according to the datasheet
Add Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) data from the .txt file.
In MATLAB to discharge the battery, we have to use a Controlled Current Source
To measure the overall voltage we are using
To display the Values we are using
Terminology to describe Series and Parallel Connection:
The battery industry specifies the number of cells in series first, followed by the cells placed in parallel. An example is 3s2p. With Li-ion, the parallel strings are always made first; the completed parallel units are then placed in series. Li-ion is a voltage-based system that lends itself well for parallel formation. Combining several cells into a parallel and then adding the units serially reduces complexity in terms of voltages control for pack protection.
3S2P
Step 6: 3S2P configuration Battery Circuit diagram
For the same 06 number of cells, the 3S2P configuration