Challenge

Introduction to National Building Code and Steps in a Construction project

RRiya Rachel Eype20 Aug 2022

Buildings HVAC

1. Essentiality of building codes for modelling :

Codes are provisions that make sure that the building is servicable and does not collapse and safe for human habitat and is designed to the standards .
All building should be reviewed by standard authorities .
Purpose of building codes:

Accessibility,Aesthetics,Cost effectiveness, Functionality,Ventilation, Safety, Sustainability.

In building codes we get the standard details to model accesability componets such as ramp structures for physically challenged people, lift or elevators in commercial building, details of outdoor signage , outdoor landscape in different locations .
Indirectly affects cost effectiveness - we can only use the materials provided in the codes.
Functionality - Functinality of particular buildings are given in detailed under the codes , if it dosen't serves the functionality the project is incomplete.
Ventiliation - Proper ventilation given is mentioned in the codes with respect to diffrent types of building.
Safety - Buildings designed under the codes should be safe that they have proper exits during a fire or any hazards .
Sustainablity- Provisions are given to materials so that the design is sustainable.
Building codes have administration section, which will be followed by the administration section during construction.

2. Groups that are essential before modelling as per NBC are :

Group 1 : For development building planning and related aspects.

Part 0: Integrated Approach - Prerequisite for applying provisions of the code.

Part 2 : Administration

Part 3 : Development control rules and general building requirements

Part 4 : Fire and life safety

Part 5 : Building materials

Part 10: Landscaping , signs and outdoor display structures

Section 1 Landscape planning and design

Section 2 Signs and outdoor display structures

Group 2 : For structural design and related aspects

Part 0 : Integrated Approach - Prerequisite for applying provision of the code

Part 6 : Structural design

Section 1 : Loads, forces and effects

Section 2 : Soils and foundations

Section 3 : Timber and bamboo

3 A Timber

3 B Bamboo

Section 4 : Masonry

Section 5 : Concrete

5 A Plain and reinforced concrete

5 B Prestressed concrete

Section 6 : Steel

Section 7 :Prefabrication, Systems building and mixed composite construction

7 A Prefabricated concrete

7 B Systems building and mixed composite construction

Group 3 : For construction related aspects including safety

Part 0 : Integrated Approach - Prerequisite forapplying provisions of the code

Part 7 : Constructional practices and safety

Group 4 : For aspects relating to building services

Part 0 : Integrated approach - Prerequisite for applying provisions of the code

Part 8 : Building services

Section 1 : Lighting and ventilation

Section 2 : Electrical and ailled installations

Section 3 : Air conditioning , Heating and mechanical ventilation

Section 4 : Acoustics , Sound insulation and noise control

Section 5 : Installation of lifts and esclators

Group 5 : For aspects relating to plumbing services including solid waste management

Part 0 : Integrated approach - Prerequisite for applying provisions of the code

Part 9 : Plumbing services

Section 1 : water supply, Drainage and sanitation ( including solid waste management)

Section 2 : Gas supply.

3. Five major steps in a project cycle:

a. Location /siting

- First step is to locate the project space

b. Conceptulization and planning

- Planning and coceptulization is important before we start to design.

- This is the primary part of a project.

c. Designing and Detailing

- Based on coceptulization and planning we will allocate the topic to structural design, detailing and the integrity of the building is maintained.

d. Constrcution execution

- After designing and detailing , execution happens .

- In this stage senior engineer review the drawings if the design is posiible or add new aspects to it

- All sort of constrctubility issue is sorted by engineers and the construction is executed.

e. Maintanance and repair

- After approval the building is opened for occupancy .

- Once it is opened it should be constantly maintained and repaired to serve the purpose of the building.

4. Different disciplines involved in a project are:

a. Architecture and civil - Architect and civil engineer does the landscaping

b. Structural - Structural engineer ensures the integrity of the project.

c. Electrical - Electrical engineer make sure that the fixtures are covered.

d. Plumbing - Plumbing engineer takes care of plumbing fixtures

e. Fire protection - Fire protection engineer ensures life safety.

f. HVAC - HVAC engineer ensures that the building is properly ventilated.

g. Environmental - Environmental speacialist looks at solid waste managemnet

h. Town planning - Town planner ensures that the building is in proper orientation

i. Urban designing - Urban designer see that the building is following the appropriate height limit.

j. Landscaping - Landscape architect ensures that the landscape is done properly.

k. Security system - Security system speacilist ensure safety and proper security fixtures are installed.

l. Interior designing - Interior designer add wood works , ceiling, all interior decoration works.

m. Quantity Surveying - Quantity surveyor prepare budget of project, quantities of the materails in the building and calculates the cost.

n. Project management - Project construction manager monitors the progress in project and sees that the project standarda are met.

o. Speacilists - Other subject speacilist any other clashes they will be solving.

5. Calssification of building according to NBC:

According to NBC buildings are classified based on occupancy:

a. Group A- Residential

Subgroup A1 - Lodging or rooming house

* Sleeping accomodation

* not more than 15 persons

* Dinning facilities provided or not

* Cooking not provided

Subgroup A2 - One or two family private dwelling

* Sleeping accomodation for less than 20 persons.

* Rent to less than 3 persons

i. Detached house

ii. Semi detached house

iii. Row of house

iv. Apartment or flats

v. Duplex apartment

vi. Skyscrapers

Subgroup A3- Dormitories

Subgroup A4 - Apartment house

Subgroup A5 - Hotels

b. Group B- Educational

* School, college, day care centre

c. GroupC -Institutional

* Medical treatment for people suffering from physical or mental illness, disease ,aged persons

Subgroup C1 - Hospital and sanitaria

Subgroup C2- Custodial institutions

Subgroup C3 - Penal institutions

d. Group D -Assembly

* Theatres, Assembly hall, drama theatres ,auditorium, museums,exhibition halls, restaurants,place of worship,dance house,club house, sport stadium,gymnasium,skating rings.

Subgroup D1- raised stage seat for 1000 persons

Subgroup D2 -1000 persons less.

Subgroup D3 - 300 or more persons

Subgroup D4 - 300 or less people

Subgroup D5 - Outdoor assembly of people

e. Group E -Business

* Transaction of buissness, keeping of account and record, barber shop,beauty parlour, lunch counter -less than 100 persons

f. Group F-Mercantile

* Shop ,ofice,store,market,showroom for display wholesale or retail.

g. Group G- Industrial

* Product fabrication plant, smoke house, gas plant, refineries, dairies, textile mills, saw mills.

h. Group H -Storage

* Warehouse, cold storage, freight depots,transit shed, store houses,truck and marine terminals,garage, hangers,grain elevators,bars and stables

i. Group I -Hazardous

* Manufacture of highly explosive materials, poisonous fumes, highly corrosive toxics, acid or other chemical products.

a. Four unit apartments - Grooup A residential , subgroup A4 apartment house

b. School with capacity of 1000 students - Group B educational building

c. A single unit shop - Group F Merchentile

d. Multi story shopping complex - Group F Merchentile

e. Steel machine factory - Group G , Industrial

6. Roles of design team and management team

Design team :

In building projects various aspects like form, space planning , aesthetics , fire and life safety, structural adequacy, plumbing services, lighting and natural ventilation, electrical and ailledinstallations , air conditioning, heating and mechanical ventilaltion,acoustics,sound insulation and noise control, installation of lifts and escalators, building automation,data and voice communication ,other utility service installation,landscape planning and design ,urbanplanning etc needs to be kept in right view at the concept stage.
The project requiring such multi disciplinary inputs need a coordinated approach among the professionals for proper integration of various design inputs.
For this and to take care of the complexities of multi -disciplinary requirements, a design team of professionals from required disciplines shall be constituted at the appropriate stage.
It is desirable tat the multi-disciplinary integration is initiated right from the concept stage, the team shall finalise the plan.
The composition of team depend on nature and magnitude of the project.
Design is an evolutionary and participatory process,where participation of owner constitutes a very important input at all the stages, and the same shall be ensured by the design team.
To ensure proper implementation of the design , thedesign team may be associated during the construction execution stage.

The main functions of the design team constituted forplanning, designing and development are as under:

a. Formalization of design brief in consultation with the owner.

b. Site investigation/survey.

c. Preparation of alternative concept designs.

d. Selection of a concept in consultation with and with the consent of the owner.

e. Sizing the system

f. Development of design ,covering :

i. Integration of architecture, structure and services.

ii. Synthesis of requirements of each discipline

iii. Interaction with each other and with the owner.

g. Preparation of preliminary designs and drawings and obtaining owner's approval.

h. Preparation of preliminary cost estimates for the approval of the owner.

i. Preparation of work breakdown structure and programme for pre-construction activities.

j. Assisting client to obtain approvals of the authority.

k. Preparation of detailed specification and constructon working drawings with integration of engineering inputs of all concerened disciplines.

l. Preparation of detailed design of each discipline for various services.

m. Peer review/proof checking of the drawings/designs in case of important projects,depending upon their complexity and sensitivity.

n. preparation of detailed cost estimate

o. Obtaining final approval of client.

p. Preparation of billof quantities , specification and tender documents.

Project Management and Construction management team :

The objectives of project mangement or construction management is primarly to achieve accomplishment of project in acoordance with the designs and specification in a stipulated time and cost of framework ,with a degree of assurance prior to commencement and satisfaction on accomplishment.
For larger projects, seperate teams of experienced professionals from the required disciplines may be constituted for project management and for construction management depending upon the complexities of the project.
However, for smaller projects these teams may be combined.
The teams shall be responsible for day to day execution, supervision, quality control etc. and shall ensure interdisciplinary coordination during the constuction stage.
The team shall be responsible to achieve satisfactory completion of the project with regard to cost, time and quality.
Some members of the design team may also be included in the project management team and or associated actively during the project execution stage.
It is important that the leaders and members of the project managemnet, construction management teams in coordination

7. Model requirements for the project :

a. Height limitation

As the model is a residential building according to Clause 12.2.1

* The height of all rooms shall not be less than 2.75m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling , in case of pitched roof the average height of rooom shall not be less than 2.75m -in our model 1st floor is flat and pitched roof is given.

* Minimum clear head under beam ,folded plates ,eaves shall be 2.4m.

* In case of air conditioned room a height of not less than 2.4m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of air conditioning duct or false ceiling shall be provided.

b. Area limitation

* Area of habitable room shall not be less than 9.5 `m^2`with a minimum width of 2.4m.

* Where there are two rooms one of these shall not be less than 9.5`m^2` and the other not less than 7.5 `m^2`.with a minimum width of 2.1m.-model has more than 2 rooms.

* Area of bathroom shall not be less than 1.8 `m^2`.

* Floor area of water closet should be 1.1 `m^2`.

* If both water closet and bathroom is combined the area shall not be less than 2.8 `m^2`.

* In our model both are combined so area shall not be less than 2.8 `m^2`

c. Room sizing

* Minimum width of room is 2.4m and height is 2.75m if one bedroom is available.

* Minimum width of 2.1m and height 2.75m if more than one room is available.

* Minimum width of bathroom is 1.2m.

* minimum width 0.9m for water closet area.

* Height of bathroom measured from the surface of floor to the lowest point on slab should not be less than 2.1m.

* If both water closet and bathroom is combined the minimum width is 1.2m.

* In our model the minimum width is 1.2m.

d. Wall height

* Wall height shall be less than 2.75m measured from the surface of floor to lowest point in ceiling.

e. Thickness based on fire life and safety

* 20 cm wall is sufficient for fire resisitance .

f. Passageway requirements

* The clear space shall not be less than 0.75m.

a. Height limitation -The height of all rooms shall not be less than 2.75m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling , in case of pitched roof the average height of rooom shall not be less than 2.75m -in our model 1st floor is flat and pitched roof is given.