Identification of Cracks

Question 1:

a) 

This crack will be formed due to flexural failure of a beam the flexural strength are known as modulus of rupture and strength power fracture strength is a material property defined as the stress in a material just before it is in a flexural test the flexural strength the represent the highest stress experience within the material at its moment of rupture it is measured in term of a stress to overcome this type of a failure. main steel is provided at the bottom or top of the beam the damages are repairable to repair damaged a look at a local welder for metal shop and request angle iron cut and drilled to the length of the beam being repaired remove any pipes wires etc. currently going through the beam be sure to turn off the water, power ,etc before doing so .pry the joist hanger away from the Bim. Mount the angle on the Jack and the temporary poster get the angle iron in place and slowly rise the Jack until the angle iron is wedged up against the damaged a beam screw the angle iron Into The Beam and remove the temporary post. slide any pipes or wires previously removed a back through the beam and turn the water and power back on

b)  

This cracks are formed due to the mistake done in the construction and honeycombing in concrete to avoid crack in a concrete avoid using high slump of concrete concrete of moderate slump result in a less cracking highest a concrete can only be used if it is controlled by concrete admixture aur designed such that a segregation and bleeding of concrete is controlled concrete admixture such as water reduces or superplasticizer can be used to increase lump or while reducing addition of water content air in concrete can also be to increase a slump file reducing addition of water content Yeh entertained the concrete can also be produced to increase a slump are specially fain concrete is to be subjected to fridge and cycles the honeycombing occurs when the find mortar false two thoroughly fall and fill the gap created by the course aggregate as mentioned a previously poor concrete consolidation is usually the top cause of honeycombing along with poor vibration improper ratio of fine to course aggregate dry concrete and construction condition that are not up to standard

c) 

This cracks are formed due to beam column joint failure. In the strong one column weak beam designs. Beams are expected to form plastic hinges at their ends and develop flexural overstregth beyond the design strength the high internal forces developed at plastic Hinges cause critical Bond condition in the longitudinal reinforcement bars passing through the joint and also impose high share demand in the joint Tukur the bond performance of the bars anchored in a joint effects the shear resisting mechanism to a significant extent

 Question 2:

a)  

This crack will be formed due to the flexural failure of a column column have the most important role in all structural member of a building according to the base civil engineering concept column pillar want to be occurring after beams and the other components damages performance of existing building in earthquake indicate that the beams are less valuable to damage during earthquake and their damage appeared to be less critical to performance as compared with that of column and column beam joints

b) 

This crack will be formed due to the sheer pillar of a column lateral loads in a structure are carrying by vertical element such as a column and shear walls when there are no shear walls column carry this lateral loads lateral loads are generally by winds earthquake loads from the retaining structure share link are provided to column based on the shear forces excreted on them further the size of the column is increased in the direction of shear to increase the shear capacity

 c) 

This cracker formed due to the short column filter insert columns Failure takes place due to yeilding and we define this phenomenon is crushing short columns are classified based upon slenderness ratio which is the ratio of the effective length of the and list the lateral dimension of the column filter of the column is rarely occurs due to any one of the following stresses developed in the column short a column will fail only because of direct compressive stress developed in the column or we can also say that short column village field due to direct compression or Crushing