Assignment 4-RADIOSS Material Laws Challenge

Aim:To run the simulation for the plate and rigid ball by using jhonson cook material and elasto plastic material with brittle failure as per the cases given in the question by using Radioss solver.

Objective:

• Run the simulation for all the 7 cases as given in the question.
• Run the simulation by changing the material,shell properties and failure parameters.
• Run the simulation by converting failure jhonson model to LAW1.
• Tabulate the total number of cycles,energy error,mass error and simulation time.
• Plot the graphs for all the 7 cases.
• Compare all the 7 cases results.

Theoretical Framework:

• In FEA,the materials are specified to conduct simulation and analyze how a particular material behave under certain stress and loading conditions.
• The attention should be provided to the material type chosen and the material provided.There could be different material properties needed as input to fully characterize a material for analysis purposes. Any unclear or logical data provided during material characterization will lead to uncertain results.
• Choosing the right material and providing the reliable material data in performing a simulation is very important.
• RADIOSS provides one of the most comprehensive material and rupture libraries in the industry.The material laws and rupture criteria span across definitions for concrete,foam,rubber,steel,composites,biomaterials and more.
• In Radioss,we are specifying the materials and type,the materials are categorized in two forms called

1. In the form of material cards [Matrial Laws]
2. In the form of material properties.

In the form of Material cards [Material laws]

• LAW 1 - Elastic.
• LAW 2 - Johnson-cook
• LAW 27 - Elastic-plastic brittle
• LAW 36 - Elastic-plastic tabulated
• LAW 42 - Ogden (Visco Hperelastic)
• LAW 70 - Foam.

In the form of Material Properties.

• Isotropic Elasticity
• Isotropic Elasto-plastic
• Composite and Anisotropic
• Viscous
• Hydrodynamic
• Explosives.

LAW 1 [Isotropic Elasticity]:

• This law/MAT/ELAST defines an isotropic,linear elastic material using hook's law.This law represent a linear relationship between stress and strain.Itis available for truss,beam (type 3 only),shell and solid elements.
• Useful for elements attached to rigid body.This matrial law is used to model purely elastic materials.
• This law is only applicable for small deformations.
• The material stiffness is determined by only two values: the young's modulus(E), and poisson's ratio (v).The shear modulus (G) can be computed using E and v.
• G= E/2 (1+V)

Isotropic Elasto-Plastic:

• This law represent an isotropic elasto-plastic material using the Jhonson-cook material model.
• This model expresses material stress as a function of strain,strain rate and temperature.
• A built-in failure criterion based on the maximum plastic strain is available.

Isotropic Elastic Plastic Piecewise linear mateial [Law36]

• This is a isotropic elasto-plastic material.
• It's a user defined function for the work-hardening portion of the stress-strain curve.
• It's available for brick and shell elements.
• Elastic portion of material stress-strain curve defined by young modulus and poisson's ratio.
• Material plasticity curves can be given for up an arbitary number of starin rates.
• Linear interpolation of strain-stress curve.

• For a given strain rate.
• For a given plastic strain.

• In order to avoid poor curve extrapolation during the strain calculation,a dummy curve defined for a high strain rate value can be added in the model-typically the highest strain rate curve is repeated.
• The curves have to be defined such as they don't intersect themselves in the strain range being used.Otherwise the calculation may fail.

There are 4 damage and rupture parameters:

• Epsilon p max is the maximum plastic strain for element deletion for any loading(tensile, shear or compression)
• Epsilon t is the begining of tensile damage,from this point the stress value defined in the curve is reduced by the factor.
• Where Epsilon1 is the largest principle strain
• Epsilon m is the end of the tensile damage.The stress value is null,but the element is not deleted.
• Epsilon f is the tensile failure strain value for element deletion.

Elasto-Plastic material with brittle failure [LAW27]:

• This law combines an isotropic elasto-plastic johnson-cook material model with an orthotropic brittle failure model.
• Material damage is accounted for proir to failure.Failure and damage occur only in tension.This law is appicable only for shells.
• Yield surface definition same as johnson-cook (LAW2)
• Useful for modeling brittle failure of glass.
• Damage and rupture defined with 4 parameters for each principal direction.

et= Strain at the begining of tensile failure.

em= Maximum tensile strain at which the stress in the element is set to a value dependent on dmax1.

dmax= Maximum damage factor

ef= maximum tensile strain for element deletion.

Viscous Material:

The viscous material are classified into two types called

1) Hyper elastic [MAT/OGDEN or /MAT/LAW42: Ogden,Money-Rivlin]

2) Tabulated foam [/MAT/FOAM_TAB or /MAT/LAW70: Tabulated Foam]

1) Hyper Elastic [/MAT/OGDEN or /MAT/LAW42: Ogden,Money-Rivlin]

• They are visco hyperelastic behavior (non- linear elastic).
• This law is generally used to model incompressible rubbers,polymers,foams and elastomers.
• This material can be used with shell and solid elements.
• Generally used to model polymers and elastomers.

2) Tabulated foam [/MAT/FOAM_TAB or /MAT/LAW70: Tabulated Foam]

• Visco-elastic behavior.
• Stress-strain relationship defined by functions according to strain rate.
• Unloading behavior defined by:

• Curves
• Hysteresis parameters

Procedure:

Phase 1- Import the starter file into the solver deck radioss

• while opening hypermesh software.A user profile window will pop up,switch to the radioss user profile as shown in below in below fig and start importing the model into the solver deck.

• Now after switch the user profile to radioss,import the model (starter file) into radioss solver deck.
• To import the model,go to standard panel>import>import solver deck.

• Import solver deck option should be selected to import the radioss starter file.

• Here the import browser will appers as in above fig, select the approprite starter file to import into GUI.
• Switch the file type to radioss block and import the model into GUI.
• Here the model is in wireframe model,switch to the shaded mode as shown in below.
• To switch to shaded model,go to visualization tab>shaded elements and mesh lines.

Case 1- Running the simulation as it is default:

• Now after importing the model into the GUI,go to the model browser and select the begin card to in oder to check the unit system,which is shown in below fig.

• Now go and check the material card by selecting it in model browser in order whether the appropriate properties have been assigned or not,the material card is shown in below fig.

• Now go and check the property card.In the property the parameters have been assigned to the material given,which is shown in below fig.

• Now run the simulation,to run simulation.go to analysis panel as shown in fig.
• Go to analysis panel>radioss>select the input file>save it in different folder and rename it as case-1 >run.
• Check the include connectors,if there are any connectors in the model,the connectors will also be taken into account.
• Type- NT 4 in options tab,this will make the simulation faster.
• Where NT indicates no. of threads, 4 indicates assigning the task to 4 cores in the system.

• Here save the input file in different folder,and rename it as case-1 which is shown in below fig.
• Now run the solver by hitting on radioss.

• After completing the simulation,the radioss will pop up a solver window stating Radioss job completed which indicates the simulation has been completed,which is shown in fig below.

• After running the simulation,the animation files will be generated where we specifed a location to store the files which ia shown in fig below.

• Now go and open 00001.out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for energy error,mass error,internal energy error,kinetic energy error and contact energy error has been shown in below fig.

• The values obtained for this cycle are:

• Energy error - 0.8%
• Internal energy - 0.2730E+05
• Kinetic energy - 62.38
• External work - 0.2721E+05
• Elapsed time - 72.61s
• Mass error - 0.0
• Total no.of cycle - 49379

Next the 00001.rad file is opened to see the Tstop and Tfrequency value which is shown in below fig

Phase 5-Postprocessing

1) Review the simulation using- Hyperview.

2) Plot the graph using - Hypergraph 2D

1) Review the simulation using- Hyperview:

• Hyperview allows for loading and viewing result files obtained from several sources.
• Based on the solver type of the files and the results you would like to visualize and analyze,there are different ways to load the input deck and their corresponding results into hyperview.
• First to begin the postprocessing in the hypermesh,split the screen as shown below fig
• Import the animation file.h3d into the hyperview.

• And then activate the client HyperView.

• To access the load model panel.
• Select load model button from the hyperview panel and open .h3d file as shown in below fig.

• After loading the model into hyperview,it will be represented as shown in below.

• After importing the .h3d file into the GUI enable the contour.
• The contour tool create contour plots of a model graphically visualize the analysis results.
• To enable contour,go to results toolbar>contour

• Now switch to the von misses stress in result type and select the component,select the averaging method as simple and then click apply as shown in below fig.

• After applying,run the simulation,the simulation animation is shown in below fig.

2) Plot the graph using - Hypergraph 2D

• Now plot the graph using hypergraph 2D,we are plotting the graphs to see what is happening in the rail component .
• Hypergraph 2D is a powerful data analsis and plotting tool with interfaces to amny popular file formats.
• It is sophiscated math engine capable of processing even the most complex mathematical expressions.
• Hypergraph 2D combines these features with high quality presentation output and customization capablities to create a complete data analysis system for any organization.

• Here switch to the hypergraph 2D to plot the graphs.
• To switch,go to client selector>choose the hypergraph 2D as shown in above fig.

[Note: Before plotting the graphs,make sure to split the screen into three or four as shown in above fig and then plot the graphs.]

• The first graph is plotted for the rigid wall forces.
• To plot the graph,go to the hypergraph 2D>data file>element_formualtion-shell-3_assignmentT01> Apply.

• Here the graph has been plotted for the rigid wall forces as shown in below.
• There are various parameters in rigid wall like normal force,tangent force,FX-X Total force,FY-Y Total force,FZ-Z Total force,Total resultant force.
• We are selecting only total resultanat force because we dont know the exact axis of the component placed,so that's why we are selecting total resultanat force and then plotting the graph.

• While plotting the graph,units profile window will pop up,there select solver units and then plot the graph because the graphs will be plotted according to the solver units.
• Now plot the graph for the rigid wall forces which is shown in below fig.

• Here,initially there is no contact between the plate and rigid wall so the curve is in origin.
• When the rigid ball hits on the rupture plate,the curve starts increasing and suddenly the curve starts decreasing.
• Causing after reaching the ultimate stress,the elements gets deleted and there will be no contact after the elements gets deleted which is shown in above fig Case1- silumation animation.so the curve goes down and decreasing.
• Now plot the graphs for all the energies,which is shown in below fig.

Internal Energy

• Here the internal starts from origin why because there is no contact between rigid ball and rupture plate.
• Then the internal energy goes on increasing,why because the deformation or displacement is happening when the displacement increases the internal energy energy increases.

Kinetic Energy

• Here the kinetic energy is in origin,why because there is no initial velocity,there is a imposed velocity.
• The impose velocity is for rigid ball why because we are imposing the rigid ball to hit on the rupture plate,so that's the reasing why impose velocity is given.
• The formula for kinetic energy=1/2 MV2
• Here the initial velocity is zero,so the curve starts from origin.
• After its increasing because rigid ball is hitting rupture plate and again its slightly decreasing due to element breaking,after the elements deleted,there will be no contact,so its decreasing.

Why kinetic energy is zig-zag?

• Cause the noise and vibrations will be produced when the rigid ball hits the rupture plate,so the kinetic energy curve is in zig-zag form.

Total Energy

• Total energy is sum of kinetic energy+contact energy+hourglass energy+internal energy.
• Total energy is the combination of all energies.
• So its goes on increasing,internal energy curve is similar to the total energy.

Contact Energy

Why contact energy is constant?

• Because the rigid ball is rigid body and the rupture plate is deformable body,so the contact energy is constant.
• It deformable bodied get in contact,then only the contact energy increases.

Hourglass Energy

• Here the hourglass energy is contact is constant because the recommended parameters Ishell=24 has been assigned to the property card,so thehourglass energy is constant.

CASE 2- Change the values in jhonson failure card:

• Here the jhonson failure card is edited and the values have been given in the failure card as per the values given the question.
• But the law is same[LAW2],Only the failure card is edited.
• The values which are to be changed are Ifail_sh,Dada=1,Ixfem=1.

[Note: Dadv= Initiate the crack when it reaches ultimate stress.

Ifail_sh=1-shell is deleted or cracked,if there is one layer in the failure zone.

Ixfem=1-Crack the elements and delete the elements.(Ixfem is only applicable for shell elements.]

• The values have been given in the fialure card which is shown in below fig.

• Now run the simulation using radioss,after running the simulation,the animation and TH files will be obtained in a required location,which is shown on below fig.

• Now go and open the 00001.out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for energy error,mass error,internal energy error,kinetic energy error and contact energy error has been shown in below fig.

• The values obtained for this cycle are:

• Energy error- 4.1%
• Internal energy- 0.3082E+05
• Kinetic enerfy- 141.9
• External work- 0.2980E+05
• Elapsed time- 54.14s
• Mass error-0
• Total no. of cycles- 49216

1) Review the simulation using-Hyperview

• After competion of running the simulation,switch to the hyperview.
• Open the approprite .h3d file to review the simulation.
• The .h3d file is loaded and it is shown in below fig.

[Note: Here the maximum Eps_Max value=0.151,the elements should be deleted after reaching the Eps_Max=0.151.

But here the maximum starin shown here is 2.951E-01 which is 0.295,why?

Because the solver wont record when the elements get deleted,so this is the reason.

The elements will be failing and getting deleted,when the rigid ball goes on hitting the rupture plate.]

2) Plot the graphs using- Hypergraph 2D

• Now switch to the hypergraph 2D and plot the graphs.
• The rigid wall forces graph is plotted which is shown in below fig.

Rigid wall forces:

• Here the curve starts from origin because there is no contact and it goes on increasing because the deformation happens (rigid ball comes into the contact with rupture plate)
• Again its suddenly decreasing cause the elements are cracked and deleted,there will be no contact between rigid ball and rupture plate,so its slighly decreasing.
• The graph is plotted for the internal energy which is shown in below fig.

Internal Energy:Here the curve is starting from origin because there is no contact and its goes on increasing due to the breaking of elements.

Kinetic Energy: Here the kinetic energy starts from origin and goes on decreasing of elements.Its increasing after 4ms because the deformation of elements are controlled by jhonson cook material parametrs and its suddenly decreasing because the elements getting deleted after crack and there will no conatct,so its slightly decreasing.

Total Energy:

• Total energy is sum of kinetic energy+contact energy+hourglass energy+internal energy.
• Total energy is the combination of all energies.
• So its goes on increasing internal energy curve is similar to the total energy.

Hourglass energy- Here hourglass energy is constant due to recommended parameters have been assigned.Here Ishell=24 QEPH is used,due to this there is no hourglass effect.

Contact Energy- Similar as same for case-1

• Because the rigid ball is rigid body and the rupture plate is deformable body,so the contact energy is constant.
• If deformation bodies get in contact,then only the contact energy increases.

CASE 3- Delete the failure jhonson card:

• Here the failure card is deleted to see any changes happening the result.

• Now run the simulation using radioss,after running the simulation,the animation and TH files will be obtained in a required location which is shown in below fig.

• Now go and open the out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for energy error,mass error,internal energy error,kinetic energy error and contact energy error has been shown in below fig.

• The values obtained for this cycle are:

• Energy error- 0.8%
• Internal energy-0.2744E+05
• Kinetic enerfy- 87.08
• External work- 0.2736E+05
• Elapsed time- 60.86s
• Mass error-0
• Total no. of cycles- 49407

1) Review the simulation using-Hyperview

• After completion of running the simulation,switch to the hyperview.
• Open the appropriate .h3d file to review the simulation.
• The .h3d file is loaded and it is shown in below fig.
• Here the shell elements are getting deleted,when it reaches the maximum plastic strain epsmax value which is shown in below fig.

2) Plot the graphs using- Hypergraph 2D

• Now switch to the hypergraph 2D and plot the graphs.
• The rigid wall forces graph is plotted which is shown in below fig.

• Here thr graph plotted for the case 3 rigid wall forces is very similar to case 1 rigid wall forces.

Internal energy:

• The internal energy graph is plotted which is shown in above fig.
• Here the internal energy is also somewhat simialr to the previous cases 1 and 2.

Kinetic Energy:

• Kinetic Energy: The kinetic energy obtained here is somewhat less when compared to the previous case.The obtained kinetic energy graph is shown in above fig.

Total Energy:

• The total energy increases with increase in internal energy and kinetic energy,cause the total energy is combination of all energies.
• The obtained total energy graph is shown in above fig.

Hourglass and contact energy:

• Here hourglass energy is constant due to recommended parameters have been assigned here Ishell=24 QEPH is used,due to this there is no hourglass effect.
• Similarly as same as for case-3.
• Because the rigid ball is rigid body and the rupture plate is deformable body,so the contact energy is constant.
• If deformable bodies get in contact,then only the contact energy increases.
• The obtained hourglass and contact energy graph is shown in above fig.

Case 4- Delete the EPS_P_Max value from the material card:

• Here delete the value of EPS_P_Max value and run the model with the name LAW2 but the same material card.
• The value of plastic strain is removed which is shown in below fig.

• Now run the simulation using radioss.after running the simulation,the animation and TH files will be obtained in a required location,which is shown in below fig.

• Now go and open the 00001.out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for energy error,mass error,internal energy error,kinetic energy error and contact energy error has been shown in below fig.

• The values obtained for this cycle are:

• Energy error- 1.1%
• Internal energy-0.3879E+05
• Kinetic energy-3.931
• External work- 0.3838E+05
• Elapsed time-64.03s
• Mass error-0
• Total no. of cycles- 49303

1) Review the simulation using-Hyperview

• After completion of running the simulation,switch to the hyperview.
• Open the appropriate .h3d file to review the simulation.
• The .h3d file is loaded and it is shown in below fig.
• Here EPS_P_Max=0,so the shell element will not be deleted which is shown in below fig.

2) Plot the graphs using- Hypergraph 2D

• Now switch to the hypergraph 2D and plot the graphs.
• The rigid wall forces graph is plotted which is shown below fig.

Rigid wall forces:

• Here the rigid wall forces starts from from origin cause there will be no contact in the begining and it goes on increasing cause deformation is happeneing to the plate.
• And the curve slightly decreases because of the elements breakage.

Internal energy:

• The internal energy graph is plotted which is shown below fig,here internal energy is somewhat similar to the previous case.

Kinetic energy:

• The kinetic energy is plotted which is shown in fig below,the kinetic energy is also somewhat similar to the previous case.
• Kinetic energy produced here is little bit less because deformation of elements is happeneing slowly.

Total energy:

• The total energy is almost simialr to the internal energy.
• The total energy graph is plotted which is shown in below fig.

Hourglass and contact energy:

• Here hourglass energy is constant due to recommended parameters have been assigned here Ishell=24 QEPH is used,due to this there is no hourglass effect.
• Similarly as same as for case-4.
• Because the rigid ball is rigid body and the rupture plate is deformable body,so the contact energy is constant.
• If deformable bodies get in contact,then only the contact energy increases.
• The obtained hourglass and contact energy graph is shown in above fig.

Case 5- change the material card to LAW1:

• Here change the material card to LAW1, here it will be elastic behaviour.
• Dont change any material properties,use default material properties like density,youngs modulus and poissons ratio.

• Now run the simulation using radioss,after running the simulation,the animation and TH files will be obtained in a required location,which is shown in fig.

• Now go and open the 00001.out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for energy error,mass error,internal energy error,kinetic energy error and contact energy error has been shown in below fig.

• The values obtained for this cycle are:

• Energy error- 1.3%
• Internal energy-0.8632E+06
• Kinetic energy-333.7
• External work- 0.8568E+06
• Elapsed time-48.46s
• Mass error-0
• Total no. of cycles- 47969

1) Review the simulation using-Hyperview

• After completion of running the simulation,switch to the hyperview.
• Open the appropriate .h3d file to review the simulation.
• The .h3d file is loaded and it is shown in below fig.
• Here EPS_P_Max=0,so the shell element will not be deleted which is shown in below fig.
• The element will not even split during the collision,cause the LAW1 material card is assigned to the rupture plate.
• So there will be an elastic behaviour [ability to regain its original size and shape]

2) Plot the graphs using- Hypergraph 2D

• Now switch to the hypergraph 2D and plot the graphs.
• The rigid wall forces graph is plotted which is shown below fig.

Rigid wall forces:

• Here the rigid wall forces starts from origin cause there will be no contact in the begining and it goes on increasing cause deformation is happeneing to the plate.
• And the element not getting deleted here,so it goes on increasing till to end.

Internal energy:

• Here the internal energy starts from the origin because in the begining the rigid ball is not contact to the plate.
• Its increasing when the rigid ball hits the rupture plate,its goes on increasing.
• The graph obtained for internal energy is shown in below fig.

Kinetic Energy:

• Here kinetic energy is in intitialcondition,so its starts from origin.
• It increases when the rigid ball hits the rupture plate.
• And its slightly decreasing because after hitting the rupture plate,the rigid ball goes back to its position and there will be no contact.

Total energy:

• The total energy increases with the increases in kinetic energy and internal energy.The graph obtained for the total energy is shown in below fig.

Hourglass and contact energy:

• Here hourglass energy is constant due to recommended parameters have been assigned here Ishell=24 QEPH is used,due to this there is no hourglass effect.
• Similarly as same as for case-5.
• Because the rigid ball is rigid body and the rupture plate is deformable body,so the contact energy is constant.
• If deformable bodies get in contact,then only the contact energy increases.
• The obtained hourglass and contact energy graph is shown in above fig.

Case 6- Change the material card to LAW27:

• Here changes the material card to LAW27 and change the shell properties to the recommended shell properties.
• It is an isotropic elastoplastic jhonson cook material model with an orthographic brittle failure model.

• Now change the parameters which is shown in below fig.

• Now run the simulation using radioss.after running the simulation,the animation and TH files will be obtained in a required location,which is shown in below fig.

• Now go and open the 00001.out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for energy error,mass error,internal energy error,kinetic energy error and contact energy error has been shown in below fig.

• The values obtained for this cycle are:

• Energy error- 0.8%
• Internal energy-0.2954E+05
• Kinetic energy-65
• External work- 0.2940E+05
• Elapsed time-53.18s
• Mass error-0
• Total no. of cycles- 49508

1) Review the simulation using-Hyperview

• After completion of running the simulation,switch to the hyperview.
• Open the appropriate .h3d file to review the simulation.
• The .h3d file is loaded and it is shown in below fig.
• Here the shell elements will be deleted due to to brittleness which is shown in below fig.

2) Plot the graphs using- Hypergraph 2D

• Now switch to the hypergraph 2D and plot the graphs.
• The rigid wall forces graph is plotted which is shown below fig.

Rigid wall forces:

• The rigid wall forces starts increasing due to impact and decrease gradually because the elements are geting deleted and there will be no contact.
• The rigid wall forces graph obtained is shown in below fig.

Internal Energy:

• Here the internal energy is similar to the previous case-3 the obtained internal energy graph is shown in above fig.

Kinetic energy:

• Here the kinetic energy obtained is somewhat similar to the case-3 kinetic energy.The kinetic energy obtained is shown in above fig.

Total Energy:

• The total energy increases with increase in internal energy and kinetic energy.The obtained total energy graph is shown in below fig.

Hourglass and contact energy:

• Here hourglass energy is constant due to recommended parameters have been assigned here Ishell=24 QEPH is used,due to this there is no hourglass effect.
• Similarly as same as for case-6.
• Because the rigid ball is rigid body and the rupture plate is deformable body,so the contact energy is constant.
• If deformable bodies get in contact,then only the contact energy increases.
• The obtained hourglass and contact energy graph is shown in above fig.

Case 7- cahnge the material card to LAW36:

• Here changes the material card to LAW36.
• A shell parameters are changed to the recommended parameters.
• It's elasto plastic piecewise linear material.

• After defining the material card,we have to define a stress strain curve for this material.
• We only want plastic region out of it,so we have to define a curve using plastic strain and post-yield stress value manually.
• The curve will be difined based on the values given which is shown below fig.

• To create a curve,right click on the model browser>create>curve>window will pop up> define a curve using plastic strains and post-yield stress values.

[Note: For this material,we need only plastic region,so that is the reason we are defining only placticity with the plastic strains and post-yield stress values]

• Now run the simulation using radioss,after running the simulation,the animation and TH files will be obtained in a required location,which is shown in below fig.

• Now go and open the 00001.out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for energy error,mass error,internal energy error,kinetic energy error and contact energy error has been shown in below fig.

• The values obtained for this cycle are:

• Energy error- 0.8%
• Internal energy-0.7332E+05
• Kinetic energy-39.97
• External work- 0.7282E+05
• Elapsed time-50.75s
• Mass error-0
• Total no. of cycles- 49050

1) Review the simulation using-Hyperview

• After completion of running the simulation,switch to the hyperview.
• Open the appropriate .h3d file to review the simulation.
• The .h3d file is loaded and it is shown in below fig.
• Here the shell elements will be deleted due to to brittleness which is shown in below fig.
• Cause the material is assigned with both elastic and plastic.

2) Plot the graphs using- Hypergraph 2D

• Now switch to the hypergraph 2D and plot the graphs.
• The rigid wall forces graph is plotted which is shown below fig.

Rigid wall forces:

• Similarly as explained for the above case-1 the graph obtained for the rigid wall forces is shown in below fig
• Here the elements are getting when it reaches maximum plastic strain.

Internal Energy:

• The internal energy increases as same as in previous case.
• The obtained graph for internal energy is shown in below fig.

Kinetic energy:

• The kinetic energy is somewhat similar to the case-5.
• The obtained kinetic energy graph is shown in below fig.

Total energy:

• The total energy increases with increases in internal energy and kinetic energy.
• The obtained graph for total energy is shown in below fig.

Hourglass and contact energy:

• Here hourglass energy is constant due to recommended parameters have been assigned here Ishell=24 QEPH is used,due to this there is no hourglass effect.
• Similarly as same as for case-6.
• Because the rigid ball is rigid body and the rupture plate is deformable body,so the contact energy is constant.
• If deformable bodies get in contact,then only the contact energy increases.
• The obtained hourglass and contact energy graph is shown in above fig.

Comparison of all the 7 cases:

Damage and Rupture Parameters:

Result:

• Hence the simulation for all the cases were carried out with different materials laws.
• Hence the simulation for all the cases were runned successfully.
• Hence the simulation for all the cases were reviewed by hyperview.
• Hence the graphs were plotted for all the cases successfully.
• Atlast,compared all the results for those cases.

Conclusion and learning outcomes:

• I conclude that LAW36 is more suitable in real world testing,cause it shows the behaviour of elasticity and plasticity in real world.
• In this challenge,i came to know about the different materials cards and their behaviour.
• the failure criteria for the material cards
• how the deformation is happpening for the elements from material cards.
• Damage and rupture parameters.
• How to define a plastic region curve with plastic strain and post-yield stress values.