1.)Difference in the formula of variance for population and sample to get unbiased estimate. For example, suppose we draw n independent observation from a population with mean μ & variance σ^2. μ & variance σ^2 are unkown values The sample  mean estimates the population mean μ ,the sample…

2.) The significance of expected value when simple mean (Sum of all observations/number of observations) is already in place, When there is uniform probability distribution i.e probability is same for all the rando variable /event then we can directly  use simple mean , otherwise we have to chosse expected value.…

please find the attached jupyter file below

1.)MATLAB PID auto tuner doesn’t work for a power converter,because PID Tuner needs a linear model to design a PID controller   Continuous conduction mode case-1: When switch S is ON When switch in ON for a time ton, the diode will be open circuited since it does not allow currents in reverse direction from input to output.…

  The nominal Fuel cell stack voltage is 45Vdc and nominal power is 6kW  The input given is a Drive cycle with 100ses of velocity data ,with spikes and deceleration.     The fluctuation in the fuel flow rate occurs after 10sec  when fuel flow rate is bypassed ,it reaches  maximum value…

 coulomb counting The coulomb counting method is expedient for state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of lithium-ion batteries with high charging and discharging efficiencies. The charging and discharging characteristics are investigated and reveal that the coulomb counting method is convenient and accurate for estimating…

1.)The weakest cell The weakest cell is an element which rules the battery pack. The weakest cell is  an element  which is imposing certain limitations on charging and discharging of complete battery pack Beause it is very important to protect an indiviual cell,over voltage/under voltage limits aplpy to all series…

  Thermal management techniques for electric car battery pack. Telsa P100D In this concept the aluminium cooling fins will be connected to the cooling circuit externally and which is nothing but Bottom cooling plate ,they are nothing but glycol or refrigerant cooled.  The coolant flows through the bottom of the…

BLOCKDIAGRAM     BLOCKSET USED IN THE MODEL Tire(Magic Formula) We will connect the shaft of the motor through the transmission system to the rear axel. A is the axel, the left are the rear wheels and right are front axel, which are connected to each other ,similarly the H(HUB) are connected to rear and front…