Post Graduate Program inPre-Graduate Program in Embedded Systems

• What an Embedded System is
• Traits and Architecture of an Embedded System
• Embedded Hardware and Software
• Why C-language is Preferred for Embedded SW Development
• Installing Tool Chain
• Installing STM32CubeIDE
• Installing GCC Compiler
• Creating a New Project
• Basic Elements of a C-Program
• C-Program Layout
• Standard I/O - Library
• getchar and putchar
• printf and sprintf
• scanf and sscanf
• C Data Types
• Signed Data Representation
• Data Type - Overflow/Underflow Issues
• C99 Data Types
• Fixed Point and Floating-Point Representation
• FPU Usage
• ‘Enum’ and ‘Typedef’
• Operators in C
• Operators Precedence and Associativity

• Control Statements in ‘C’ language
• ‘if-else’
• Loops for Iterations
• Switch Case for Multiple Selections
• Tips and Traps for Switch-Case
• ‘if-else’ vs ‘switch’
• ‘goto’ Statement and Labels
• Introduction to vFunctions
• Advanced Control Flow with ‘setjmp( )’ and ‘longjmp( )’
• Functions ()
• Function Prototypes
• Recursive Function
• Function Pitfalls
• Introduction to Pointers
• Call by Value Vs Call by Reference
• Pointer Arithmetic
• Functions as ‘Pointer'
• C Storage Classes
  
• Automatic
• External
• Static
• Register

• Stages of the Compilation Process
• Pre-processing
• Compilation
• Assembling
• Linking
• GCC Commands for Each Stage
• Preprocessor Directives in C
• Macros and their Types
• Conditional Compilation
• #pragma
• Introduction to Arrays
• Array Initialization
• Accessing Array Elements
• 2D Arrays
• 3D Arrays
• Pointers and Arrays
• Passing Array Elements to a Function
• Array of Pointers
• ‘Function’ as ‘Pointer’ - Function Pointers
• Array of Function Pointers

• Command Line Arguments in C
• Variadic Functions in C
• Strings in C language
• String Functions from
• Structure Declaration in C
• Array of Structures
• Pointer Objects to Structure
• Memory Allocation of Structure and Structure Padding
• Structure Padding Comparison
• Bit Fields
• Unions

• Function Pointers
• Passing Function Pointers as Arguments to a Function
• Inline Functions
• Passing a String as a Function Argument
• Returning a String from a Function
• Passing Arrays to Function Arguments
• Returning Multiple Values from a Function
• Passing Structure Pointers as Function Arguments
• Passing an Array of Structures to a Function
• Double Pointers with Example
• Void pointers with Example
• Miscellaneous Features
• File I/O Handling
• Read and Write Operations
• Error Handling Mechanisms
• General Properties of C Library
• Functions of C Library
• Need for Libraries - Static vs. Dynamic Libraries
• Utility Functions

• C Memory Model
• Dynamic Memory Allocation on Heap
• Miscellaneous Memory Functions
• Variable Length Arrays
• Creating a User-Defined Library
• Makefile Project in STMCubeMX IDE
• Creating a Custom Makefile
• Introduction to Debugging
• Debugging using GDB Tool
• Debugging using Preprocessor Directives
• Optimization for Memory Usage and Execution Speed
• Optimization Methods
• Code Level Optimization

• Fundamental Concepts of Data Structures
• Operation on Data Structure
• Arrays and Array Operations
• Stack and Standard Stack Operations
• Fundamental Concepts of Queue
• Operations performed in Queue
• Different Types of Queue
• Fundamental concepts of Linked List
  
• Types of Linked List
  
  • Singly Linked List
    
  • Doubly Linked List
    
  • Circular Linked List
    
  • Doubly Circular Linked List
    
• Introduction to FSM (Finite State Machine)
• State Diagram
• Explanation of State Diagram
• State Table
• Implementation of State Machine
• Mealy State Machine
• Moore State Machine

• Threads
• Memory Model of Threads
• Library
• Process Vs Threads
• IPC Mechanism
• Different Design Patterns of Embedded System
• Hardware Adapter Pattern
• Observer Pattern
• Debounce Pattern
• Interrupt Pattern
• Polling Pattern

• C Standards
• K&R C
• K&R Standards
• ANSI C
• C90 Standards
• C99 Standards
• C11 Standards
• Embedded C
• C-General Coding Standards
• Embedded C Standards

• Common Pitfalls in C Language
• Overstepping of Array Boundaries
• Example of Faulty Code
• Buffer Overflow
• Stack Overflow
• Glimpse into AUTOSAR and MISRA
• Prominent MISRA C Rules

• Introduction of C++
  
  • What is C++?
  • Program Paradigm
  • ANSI/ISO Vs Standard C++
  • C++ Syntax and Structure
  • C++ Language Fundamentals
  • Benefits of C++ over C
• C vs C++
  
  • Procedural Vs OOP
  • Compiling a C Program in C++ Environment
  • Undefined Behavior in C and C++
  • Void * in C vs C++
  • Name Mangling
  • Use of Extern C in C++ Programming
  • Structures in C Vs Class in C++
• C++ Vs Java
  
  • Similarities between C++ and Java
  • Exception Handling in C++ vs Java
  • Default Virtual Behavior in C++ Vs Java
  • Floating Point Operations and Property of Associativity in C, C++, and Java
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
  
  • malloc()
  • calloc()
  • realloc()
  • free
  • new
  • delete
  • malloc Vs new
  • free Vs delete
• Object Oriented Programming
  
  • OOP’s Concepts - Briefing
  • Class
    
    • Default Access Specifier in a Class
    • Access Modifiers
    • Constructor
    • Destructor
    • Assignment Operator
    • Copy Constructor
    • Default Member Functions in a Class
  • Object

• Object-Oriented Programming
  
  • Encapsulation
  • Abstraction
  • Message Passing
  • Dynamic Binding
  • Data Hiding
  • Inheritance
    
    • Use of Inheritance
    • Modes of Inheritance
    • Types of Inheritance
      
      • Single Inheritance
      • Multiple Inheritance
      • Hierarchical Inheritance
      • Multiple Inheritance
      • Hybrid Inheritance
    • Multipath Inheritance
  • Diamond Problem

• Object-Oriented Programming
  
  • Polymorphism
    
    • Compile Time Polymorphism
      
      • Function Overloading
      • Operator Overloading
    • Runtime Polymorphism
      
      • Function Overriding
      • Virtual Keyword
      • VTable
      • Vptr-V Pointer
      • Virtual Functions
      • Abstract Class
      • Pure Virtual Function
      • Interface Vs Abstract Class

• Constructor and Destructor
  
  • Virtual Constructor
  • Virtual Destructor
  • Virtual Copy Constructor
  • Shallow Copy Vs Deep Copy
  • Default Constructor and Copy Constructor
  • Copy Constructor and Assignment Operator
  • Dangling Pointer
  • Void Pointer and Opaque Pointer
  • Null Pointer and Wild Pointer
  • Private Constructor
  • Private Destructor
  • Copy Elision
  • Explicit Keyword

• Static Keyword in C++
  
  • Static Variables in a Function
  • Static Variables in a Class
  • Static Members of Class - Static Class Objects
  • Static Member Functions in a Class
• Const Keyword in C++
• Mutable Keyword in C++
• Friend Function and Friend Class in C++
• This Pointer in C++
  
  • ‘this’ Pointer
  • Types of ‘this’ Pointer
  • Delete ‘this’

• Type Casting in C++
  
  • Implicit Cast
  • Explicit Cast
  • dynamic_cast
  • static_cast
  • reinterpret_cast
  • const_cast
• Member Initializer List in C++
  
  • Use of Initializer Lists
  • Member Initializer Lists

• Exception Handling in C++
  
  • Exception Handling in C++
  • Base Class and Derived Class Exception Handling
  • Catch Block in C++
  • Object Destruction
  • Stack Unwinding in C++
• Templates in C++
  
  • Introduction to Templates
  • Function Templates
  • Class Templates
  • Template Specialization

• Multithreading in C++
• Posix Threads
• Std::thread
• Inter-Process Communication
• What is IPC?
• Various Methods in IPC
• Smart Pointers
• Use of Smart Pointers
• Types of Smart Pointers
• Auto Pointer
• Unique Pointer
• Shared Pointer
• Weak Pointer

• Memory Blocks of Microcontroller
• Measuring Memory Occupied by the Code using Arduino Library
• Measuring Clock Cycles taken by the Instructions of Arduino Library
• Internal I/O Circuit Diagram of Microcontroller
• Accessing Registers using Specific Address
• Comparison of Code Size and Clock Utilization of Arduino Library and Bare Metal Coding
• Need for Writing a Custom Make File

• Pin Out Details of Atmega328
• Pin Description at a Glance
• Features of Atmega38
• AVR Architecture

• Setting up Microchip Studio
• Introduction to SimulIDE
• Flashing the Code on the Virtual Atmega328 Microcontroller in SimulIDE
• I/O Pin Block Diagram
• I/O Ports and their Functions
• Register Description of I/O ports

• Starting a Debugging Session
• Various Windows of Debugging
• Adding Breakpoints
• Timer Clock Sources
• Counter Unit
• Output Compare Unit
• Compare Match Output
• Modes of Operation

• Deep Dive into 2*16 LCD Display
• Common Commands for HD78044 LCD
• Simulation of LCD Interfacing
• Basics of ADC
• Registers Associated with ADC of Atmega328

• Introduction to Interrupt
• Interrupt Service Routine(ISR)
• Registers Associated with Interrupt
• Code and Simulation of ISR
• Introduction to Analog Comparator

• Basics of UART, SPI, and I2C
• Harvard and Von-Neumann Architecture
• Program Memory Map
• Write to and Read from the Flash Memory
• Concepts of the Boot Loader
• EEPROM
• Program to Store Data into EEPROM

• Concept of Power Saving
• Power Reduction Register
• Different Sleep Modes of Atmega
• Wake Up Sources
• Watchdog Timer

• What is verification? (Real-world examples)
• What is Validation and how it is different from verification? (Real-world examples)
• Identifying Verification and Validation from the V- Cycle
• Developer’s Mindset Vs Tester’s Mindset
• Explaining various stages of validation (Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing) with regards to verification phases in V-cycle
  
  • System Testing
  • Blackbox Testing
  • Functional Testing
  • Smoke Testing
• Usage of V-model in present Agile world
• SAFE (Scaled Agile Framework) concepts to illustrate ARTs

• Introduction to Test Coverage Levels (C0, C1, MCDC)
• Introduction to Different Test Design Techniques
• Choosing Test Design Techniques for Various System Requirements (Examples)

• Test Cases Vs Test Specification
• Writing a Test Plan
• How to Write a Test Case for the Requirements?
• Usage of Doors to Create Test Cases for the Requirements (Traceability)
• Hands-on Examples (Using Excel) [CLIMA, BSW]

• What is MISRA-C?
  
  • How are we using it for Safety-critical SW?
• Important Rules of MISRA-C
  
  • How to identify and fix them?
• What is Static Analysis?
  • Where is Static Analysis in V-cycle?
• Explaining Errors in Static Analysis (Case Studies)
• Heuristics Vs Formal Methods
• Hands-on Examples

• Unit Testing and Integration Testing
  • Why do we need it?
• Why do we need SIL?
• SIL Levels and Coverage Levels
• Stub Functions
• Hands-on Examples

• Overview of Test Automation
• Introduction to Constructs of Infrastructure for CI/CD
• Introduction to Git Hub

• Overview of LDRA Toolsuite
• Analysis Scope Definition
• UI View and Usage
• LDRA -Tbrun, Tbvision, and TBReports Overview

• Unit White Box Testing of Simple Project - (Array, Structure, Pointer, Linked lists)
  
  • Adding Test Cases, Executing Tests, and Understanding Test Report
  • Fixing Defects Detected from Tests
  • Analyzing Coverage and Adding Test Case to Increase Coverage
  • Generating Test Cases using Different Techniques
    
    • MC/DC, Equivalence Class, Boundary Check, etc., using MCDC Planner
  • Stubs
• Unit Blackbox Testing of Simple Project
  
  • Adding Test Cases, Executing Tests, and Understanding Test Report
• Integration Testing
  
  • Adding Test Cases, Executing Tests, and Understanding Test Report
  • Identifying and Fixing Defects Detected from Tests

• Introduction to MATLAB scripting and Syntax Basics
• Vectors, Matrices & Data Types in m-scripting
• MATLAB Operators, Decision Making Statements & Strings in m-scripting
• MATLAB Data Structures Overview & Cell Arrays in m-scripting
• Tables & Structures, MATLAB Functions & Callbacks in m-scripting
• File Handling Formats, Debugging & Flow Control Logics in m-scripting
• Block properties, Different Workspaces in m-scripting
• Programmatically accessing Simulink in m-scripting

• Introduction to Simulink & Simulink Toolbars
• Block Settings, Model Annotation, Simulink Solvers
• Sources & Sink Libraries
• Math Operations; Logical & Bit Operations
• Ports & Subsystems; Atomic Subsystems
• Masked Subsystem & Linked Libraries
• Continuous, Discontinuous & Discrete Blocks
• User-Defined Functions & Lookup Tables
• Mathematical Model Representation & System Models Creation in Simulink
• Stateflow-1
• Stateflow-2

• Overview of Automotive Industry
• Software Development demands of Automotive Industry
• Model Based Development in Automotive Industry & Model Based Development in MATLAB
• Requirement Analysis in Model Based Development
• Model Based Development Configuration Parameters Settings
• Creating Simulink Data Dictionary
• Accessing Simulink Data Dictionary & Port Property SettingsSignal Names & Signal Property Configuration

In this week, the following topics are discussed:

• Model Simulation & Model Advisor Report
• Code Generation Settings, Auto-code Generation
• Overview of Model in Loop, Software in Loop & Hardware in Loop
• Testing Theory
• Test Report Analysis (Coverage Analysis & Different Techniques)
• Model in Loop Testing
• Software in Loop Testing
• Overview of Hardware in Loop Testing

• Introduction to ADAS & Levels of Autonomous Driving
• Overview to ADAS Features - 1
• Overview to ADAS Features - 2
• ADAS Project - Tilt & Telescopic Steering Column
• Requirement Analysis & Problem Understanding
• MATLAB Model Development of Tilt & Telescopic Function Feature