Week-4 Challenge WOT Condition Part-2

Q1.What is the difference between mapped and dynamic model of engine, motor and generator? How can you change model type?

Ans:-

1.Mapped and dynamic models in SIMULINK

Mapped model:

• It makes use of lookup tables and the values should be pre-defined.
• The simulation time is less.
• The results obtained will not resemble the actual result.

Dynamic model:

• The values that are used as input are first calculated using the Simulink blocks so that the values resemble the actual case.
• The results obtained using this model will resemble the actual results.
• The simulation time is more.

Dynamic model of Motor.

Mapped Engine:

Mapped Engine is the default settings in powertrain blockset. It is used to measure to measure performance parameters of the vehicle by using standard lookup tables which are prefed to the system. This type of modelling is less accurate. The lookup tables value are based on the values of brake torque, commanded torque and engine speed. If any other parameter like Input engine temperature is selected then lookup table values are also a function of the temperature parameter. The data extracted from lookup tables are: air mass flow, fuel flow, emission data, exhaust temperature and efficiency. This data is used to find out other parameters which are needed by the end user.

Mapped Motor:

The mapped motor works in torque control mode. This type of motor is used when the user requires a faster simulation and doesn't have the knowledge of motor parameters. The output torque and reference torque is compared and changes are made. Input torque or speed can be specified, electrical losses and maximum motor power and torque can be defined.

Dynamic Engine:

This type of model uses real time data fed by the user at run time for modelling. This model is more accurate than mapped engine model. This type of model is used when the data of subsystems of a vehicle is required. We can calculate : Brake torque, fuel flow, port gas mass flow, exhaust temperature, exhaust mass flow rate and exhaust emissions.

Dynamic Motor:

In the dynamic motor a three phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is used. The block uses three phase input voltages to regulate the individual phase currents, allowing control of the motor torque or speed. This block is used when the user knows what parameters are to be used in that particular simulation. This motor is more accurate.

Mapped Generator:

The mapped generator block is also similar like other blocks. Most of the data required is taken from the lookup tables corresponding to the given input parameters. Its simulation time is less.

Dynamic Generator:

The dynamic generator involves user entering the parameters manually during the run time for their particular applications. The results take time and are more accurate.

To changed model type from mapped to dynamic or dynamic to mapped
After entering into passenger block > electric plant> motor will get this window where MotGenMapped is by default selected as a model type for
motor

To change from MotGenEvMapped to MotGenEVdynamic
first, we open our reference model into Matlab
here we are choosing EV as an example.

then after clicking on the modeling section and after that in the design block, we will select the variant manager option
after the variant manager window gets opened.

then by clicking on the passenger car expand option there will electric plant option that will expand that too in that will get both battery and
motor

We are taking motor as an example so after expanding the motor option we will get
1)MotGenEVdynamic
2)MotGenEVmapped
so the default one is MotGenmapped to change into MotGenEVdynamic

we need to right-click on our preference and after that, a pop up will be shown in which we need to select 'set as label mode active choice' and
after that our motor variant will be MotGenEVdynamic

-same we can do for the battery to

- to verify whether its change or not will return to our model and open passenger block >electric plant>motor
and clicking on the motor block will get this window.

as we can see we changed our variant from MotGenMapped to MotGendynamic.
a same procedure we can do for changing variant from MotGendynamic to MotGenMapped for both battery and motor.
that's how we can change our model type.

2) How does the model calculate miles per gallon? Which factors are considered to model fuel flow?

ANS:
Theory:-

MPG, or miles per gallon, is the distance, measured in miles, that a car can travel per gallon of fuel. MPG is also the primary measurement of a
car's fuel efficiency: The higher a car's MPG, the more fuel-efficient it is.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA, is the government agency responsible for certifying a vehicle's MPG figures, notes How
stuffs works.
A car's MPG can be inconsistent because it is affected by a number of different factors, so it is difficult to get an accurate measurement. For
example, factors like traffic and road conditions can affect MPG in any given context. That's why the EPA runs tests over a standard set of
courses, then averages the results to calculate a vehicle's official MPG.
The EPA gives each vehicle three different MPG ratings, as All Car Leasing notes:The EPA gives each vehicle three different MPG ratings, as All Car Leasing notes:

1.Highway MPG: the average a car will get while driving on an open stretch of road without stopping or starting, typically at a higher speed.City 2.MPG: the score a car will get on average in city conditions, with stopping and starting at lower speeds.
3.And, combined MPG, a combined average of highway and city MPG.

While MPG can help you compare different vehicles, it doesn't tell you anything about real-world fuel prices. However, you can easily calculate
approximately how much you'll spend on fuel at different price levels, depending on how much distance you drive on a regular basis.

How does the model calculate miles per gallon?

-To calculate the fuel flow, vehicle speed & battery power are taken into consideration.
HEV model has separate blocks to calculate the MPG Which are shown below.

The above snap shows the Simulink model built to shows the fuel economy in Miles per Gallon using the vehicle speed, fuel flow velocity and
the battery power. The HEVs use both fuel and battery power.

• The vehicle speed is integrated with time to determine the distance and converts the distance in miles by multiplying with 0.000621371.
• The battery power is converted to kWh by dividing it with 1000 and the then it is divided with 33.7 (standard value) to convert it into kWh
  to kWh/USgal then the value is divided by 3600 so the resulting value will be in m^3 then ot will be converted to m^3/gal by multiplying
  it with 0.00378541 and the resulting value from this block will be added with the fuel flow velocity.
• The fuel flow velocity is added with the value from ‘m^3 per gal’ then it is integrated and multiplied with 264.172 such that the resulting
  will be in US Gallon.
• Finally, dividing the distance (in miles) by fuel flow (in US Gal) we get the US MPG.

The following are factors which are considered to model fuel fuel.
-Vehicle speed
-Fule flow
-Battery powerW2

3) Run the HEV ReferenceApplication with WOT drive cycle. Change the grade and wind velocity in the environment block. Comment on the results.

ANS:
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle reference application represents a full multimode hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) model with an internal combustion
engine, transmission, battery, motor, generator, and associated powertrain control algorithms.By default, the HEV multimode reference application is configured with:
1.Mapped motor and generator.
2.1.5–L spark-ignition (SI) dynamic engine.

3a. Without changes in grade and wind velocity values.
Simulink model:

Drive cycle source:
The drive cycle source for this model is set to Wide Open Throttle (WOT) and other parameters are provided with the values as shown in below
snap.

Environment sub system:
This is the subsystem where, the environmental conditions can be changed as per user requirement.
All the other parameters are kept in default condition with grade and wind velocity set to zero.

Output:

• In the first graph the yellow curve is the ideal WOT cycle and the blue curve is actual WOT cycle obtained for the given parameters.
• In the second graph (Speed), it can be observed that the speed of the engine and the generator are same throughout the drive cycle and
  rapid increase in motor speed can be observed and then after few seconds the engine speed also increases and reduces while
  decelerating.
• In the third graph (Torque), the torque of motor is high for few seconds during full throttle and then it reduces gradually and this is same
  for both motor and generator.
• In the fourth graph (Battery current), the current utilized is more till the engine is turned on, once the engine turns on the vehicle runs on
  both engine and electric motor power with reduced use of current.
• In the fifth graph (SOC), we can see that the SOC of the battery reduces gradually when the vehicle runs on electric motor and from 32 to
  50 sec of time interval, we can see that the SOC reduces slowly because the generator charges the battery.

3b. With changed grade and wind velocity values.

All the parameters and the Simulink model are kept same without any changes except wind velocity and grade in environment subsystem.

Environment subsystem:
This is subsystem where the environmental conditions can be changed as per user requirement.
All the other parameters are kept same except grade and wind velocity values.
Grade is set to 11 and wind velocity to 22.22ms as shown in below snap.

Output:

• In the first graph, the blue curve is the ideal WOT cycle and the red curve is actual WOT cycle obtained for the given parameters.
• In the second graph (Speed), it can be observed that the speed of the engine and the generator are same throughout the drive cycle and
  we can also see that with the reduce in the current supply the motor speed reduces during this the engine speed is increased gradually.
  Now, for few seconds both engine and motor operate to displace the vehicle and then the speed of engine and generator reduces
  gradually.
• In the third graph (Torque), the torque of both motor and engine is more with more acceleration and reduces with deceleration. But the
  nature of torque plot of generator is negative which indicates the generator is activated and the battery is getting charged.
• In the fourth graph (Battery current), the current utilized is more till the engine is turned on, once the engine turns on the vehicle runs on
  both engine and electric motor power.

At last, by comparing both it can be concluded that the HEV with grade and wind velocity requires more speed, torque and battery current to
overcome the given environment condition.

4) Keeping all other parameters same, compare the simulated results of hybrid and pure electric powertrains.
ANS:
a.EV

Simulink model:

Environment sub system:

Output:

• The first graph shows the FTP75 standard drive cycle which is provided as source for the model.
• In the second graph (Speed), it can be observed that the plot of speed of the motor resembles the drive cycle which indicates that motor
  speed is varying according to the drive cycle.
• In the third graph (Torque), the torque of the motor is high during the acceleration and low during the deceleration.

b.HEV

All the parameters are kept same as in EV model.

Simulink model:

• The first graph shows the FTP75 standard drive cycle and the actual drive cycle, which are quite similar in nature.
• In the second graph (Speed), it can be observed that the plot of speed of the motor resembles the drive cycle which indicates that motor
  speed is varying according to the drive cycle. Simultaneously, the engine is turned ON (when SOC of battery tends to decrease beyond
  70% and this engine in turn runs the generator and battery is charged.
• In the third graph (Torque), the torque of the motor and engine is high during the acceleration and decreases with deceleration.
• In the fourth graph (Battery current), the current utilized by the motors will be more when the motor is at high speed i.e., during the
  acceleration.
• In the fifth graph (SOC), we can see that the SOC of the battery reduces gradually when the vehicle is accelerated and gets charged during
  the deceleration due to the regenerative braking. For this model, SOC varies between 80% to 70%. So, if the battery SOC tends to
  decrease below 70% then the Engine is turned ON and due to the generator, the battery will be charged.

Results of HEV and Ev compared:

• EV runs on motor alone so the battery drains quickly but in case of HEV the model run on both motor and engine due to which the distance covered will be more and more power can be obtained.
• In EV model SOC of battery cannoty be utilized within a particular limit but it is possible in HEV, we can set upper limit and lower limit, if the SOC is below the lower limit the the motor stops and engine is turned on and the battery gets charged.
• If the SOC of ballety is equal to upper limt then the engine turns off and the model rums on motor until the SOC decreases below the lower limit.