Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium-ion cells. Give your detailed explanation on it.

Li-ion Batteries:

A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery which uses the reversible reduction of lithium ions to store energy. It is the predominant battery type used in portable consumer electronics and electric vehicles. It also sees significant use for grid-scale energy storage and military and aerospace applications. Compared to other rechargeable battery technologies, Li-ion batteries have high energy densities, low self-discharge, and no memory effect. Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery effect, or battery memory, is an effect observed in nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge. It describes the situation in which nickel-cadmium batteries gradually lose their maximum energy capacity if they are repeatedly recharged after being only partially discharged. The battery appears to "remember" the smaller capacity.

Similar to the lead and nickel-based architecture, lithium-ion uses a cathode (positive electrode), an anode (negative electrode) and electrolyte as conductor. The cathode is a metal oxide and the anode consists of porous carbon. During discharge the ions flow from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte and the separator, charge reverses the direction and the ions flow from the cathode to the anode.

Types of Li-ion cells:

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)-LCO

Its high specific energy makes Li-Cobalt the popular choice for phones, laptops, and digital cameras. The battery consists of cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The flow reverses on charge. The drawback of Lithium cobalt is relatively short span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities. (Specific Power)

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2o4)-LMO

Li-ion with the manganese spinel was first published in Material Research Bulletin in 1983.In 1996, Moli Energy manufactured the first commercial lithium-ion cells using lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material in 1996. commercialized a Li-ion cell with lithium manganese oxide as cathode material. The architecture forms the three-dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling. The Further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlo2) -NCA

NCA has been around 1999 for special applications, it shares similarities between NMC by offering high Specific Energy reasonably good specific power and life span. Less flattering are safety and cost.

NCA batteries, or lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide batteries, are making their way in electric vehicles and grid storage.

Although NCA batteries are not widely used in consumer electronics, they have great potential in the automobile industry. NCA batteries offer a high-energy choice with a long lifespan, but they are less safe than other lithium-ion battery types and are rather expensive. To ensure driver safety, NCA batteries must be accompanied by monitoring systems

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) - NMC

One of the most successful Li-Ion systems is cathode combination of NM. Similar to Li Manganese these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells.

One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Similar to Li-manganese, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells. For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can deliver 4A to 5A; NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20A. A silicon-based anode will go to 4,000mAh and higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.

The secret of NMC lies in combining nickel and manganese. An analogy of this is table salt in which the main ingredients, sodium and chloride, are toxic on their own but mixing them serves as seasoning salt and food preserver. Nickel is known for its high specific energy but poor stability; manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel structure to achieve low internal resistance but offers a low specific energy. Combining the metals enhances each other strengths.

NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. The cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. Cobalt is expensive and in limited supply. Battery manufacturers are reducing the cobalt content with some compromise in performance. A successful combination is NCM532 with 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese. Other combinations are NMC622 and NMC811. Cobalt stabilizes nickel, a high energy active material.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)-LFP

Li-Phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano space cathode material. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability enhanced safety and tolerance if abused. Li-Phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time.

Lithium Titanate (Li2Tio3)-LTO

Batteries with Lithium titanate anodes since the 1980s.Li-Titanate replaces the graphite in the anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide. NMC, Li Titanate has a nominal cell voltage 2.40V Can be fast charged and delivers high discharge current of 10C or 10 times the rated capacity. The cycle count is said to be higher than that of regular Li-Ion. It is safe low temperature discharge.

The table of material & Chemical reactions of different types of Li-ion Batteries. The following table is also attaching in excel format.

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li-ion batteries based on their characteristics

S.NO	LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES	SPECIFIC POWER	SPECIFIC ENERGY	SAFETY FACTOR	LIFE SPAN	COST	PERFORMANCE
1.	LITHIUM COBALT OXIDE (LCO)	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
2.	LITHIUM MANGANESE OXIDE (LMO)	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Low
3.	LITHIUM MANGANESE COBALT OXIDE (NMC)	Moderate	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate
4.	LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE (LFP)	High	Low	High	High	Low	Moderate
5.	LITHIUM NICKEL COBALT ALUMINIUM OXIDE (NCA)	Moderate	High	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
6.	LITHIUM TITANATE (LTO)	Moderate	Low	High	High	High	High

Reference:

https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-205-types-of-lithium-ion

https://inverted.in/blog/types-of-lithium-ion-batteries-available-in-the-market