Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

2] 2 types of batteries primary battery and secondary battery 

1]Primary battery - Batteries which uses once,that are non rechargable batteries 

example - Lead acid , nickel cadamium battery , nickel metal hydrite 

2] Secondary battery - Batteries are rechargable, which can use multiple time, 

example - Lithium ion battery , sodium ion battery 

Type of lithium ion battery 

1] LiCo2

Sony used carbon as the anode and LiCoO2 as the cathode to create and market the first LIB. 
It was widely used because to its stable cycling characteristics, high-rate capability, minimal 
self-discharge, and ease of synthesis. In accordance with the temperature range employed for 
synthesis, LiCoO2 divided into two material groups. When ions are distributed erratically 
during synthesis at lower temperatures, the resulting spinel phase exhibits poor 
electrochemical and cycling characteristics. When LiCoO2 is created at 400 °C, it has the 
shape of a cubic spinel phase with a Fd m space group. Reduced Temperature The oxygen 
lattice in LiCoO2 is the same as that in high-temperature LiCoO2, but it has a distinct cation 
lattice.

LiCoO2 may synthesise at temperatures of 800 °C and higher, forming oxide layers of LiMO2
with R3m symmetry. The most common material utilised as a positive electrode is high 
temperature-LiCoO2. The kind of substitutions determines how the foreign components affect 
the electrochemical behaviour. Voltage may drop with the substitution of Ni and Cr due to deintercalation, whereas voltage is enhanced by adding inactive electrochemical components 
like Al. The cyclability of the cathode material is improved by adding metal oxides, such as 
Al2O3, to the surface of LiCoO2. It has also been observed that solid solutions including other 
compounds, such as LiCoO2 and Li2MnO3, LiCoO2 and LiNiO2, and LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and 
LiCoO2 and Li2MnO2, increase capacity retention.

Advantages

1. High working voltage
2. High theoretical capacity
3. Long cycle life
4. Structural stability
5. Easy synthesis

Lithium Nickel-oxide (LiNiO2)

Compared to lithium carbonate, lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) is less expensive and 
hazardous. It features a rhombohedral structure with trigonal symmetry (space group R m), 
two interpenetrating close-packed FCC sub-lattices, and oxygen anions in one of them. Li and 
Ni cations are found in the other sub-lattice, which alternates between (111) planes. LiNiO2 is 
discovered to have a theoretical capacity of 275 mAhg1 and a working voltage of 3.7 V, 
respectively. During the first charge, the specific capacity is calculated to be 200 Ah/Kg, 
which is higher than that of commercial LiCoO2. LiNiO2 has benefits over LiCoO2 but also 
has some structural and chemical instability depending on the charge state and the issue of 
producing the higher state of Ni3+ during synthesis. LiNiO2 is also quickly decomposed into a 
lithium deficient molecule with greater heat treatment. Doping Mg, Al, Ti, Co, and Mn might 
increase cyclability, rate capability, and reversible capacity. The performance of LiNiO2 cells 
is enhanced by the addition of calcium and indium. Additionally, it has been discovered that 
LiCo0.5Ni0.5O2 solid solution is a suitable electrode material for LiBs.

Lithium Manganese-oxide (LiMn2O4)

Researchers have had a great deal of success using LiMnO2 as workable metal oxide 
cathodes, with capacities exceeding 250 mAhg-1 and steady cycle ability up to 4.4V, Due to 
their cheaper cost and lower toxicity than LiCoO2 that has been commercialised, LiMn2O4
with spinel structure (space-group: Fd m) has drawn interest as a cathode material for Li-ion 
batteries. LiMn2O4 has a lesser capacity than LiCoO2 (110mAh/g), but it is safer. The JahnTeller Effect, oxygen deprivation, crystallinity, dissolution of manganese (LiMn2O4) in the 
electrolyte, and changes in particle shape are all associated with capacity loss. One of the 
most efficient ways to lessen capacity loss is by partial metal atom replacement at the Mn 
location. For instance, compared to un-doped LiMn2O4, the replacement of Al, Mg, Cr, Co, 
Ni, and Zn at the Mn site exhibits superior thermodynamic and structural stability. Structural 
stability also leads to better cathode performance. LiFexMn2-xO4 spinel is regarded as a suitable material for the cathode of a Li-ion battery at 5V. LiCoyMn2-yO4 (LiCoyMn2-yO4), 
which contains cobalt doping, exhibits greater conductivity than pure LiMn2O4 because the 
diffusion coefficient of Li+
has increased. The reversible capacity of LiMn2O4 is found to be 
improved by sulphur and zinc doping, and the Jahn-Teller effect is not seen. Power tools, 
medical equipment, as well as hybrid and electric cars, all employ lithium manganese. The 
properties of the lithium manganese oxide [LMO] battery 

Advantages

1. High cell voltage
2. Wide operating temperature
3. Three-dimensional channel structure
4. Thermal stability at higher temperatures

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2)

A cathode made of nickel, manganese, and cobalt is one of the most effective Li-ion systems 
(NMC). These systems can be created to function as Energy Cells or Power Cells, like Limanganese. Manganese has the advantage of developing a spinel structure to create low 
internal resistance but delivers low specific energy. Nickel is recognised for its high specific 
energy but poor stability. The metals' combined strengths are increased. Commonly referred 
to as 1-1-1, the cathode combination is made up of one third nickel, one third manganese, and 
one third cobalt. NMC, which consists of 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt, and 2 parts 
manganese, is another effective combination (5-3-2). It is also feasible to combine different 
cathode materials in different proportions. LiNiMnCoO2's typical properties are listed in 
Table . It is utilised in power tools, electric bicycles, electric vehicles (EVs), and medical 
equipment

Combination of LCO, LNO, and LMO to Layered NCM

Li [Ni1-x-yCOxMny] O2 was finally developed because of research on the individual layer 
materials and their secondary solid solution systems. Such materials are sometimes referred to 
as NMC or NCM, where the numerals represent the constituents' decimal places. Higher 
capacity (nickel), greater rate capability (cobalt), and increased safety (manganese) are 
characteristics connected to the end members. Manganese can serve as a structural stabiliser 
and will not alter during cycling from its oxidation state of +1V. Most of the material's capability will come from the redox couplings Ni2+/Ni3+ and Ni3+/Ni4+. Cobalt's presence will 
facilitate synthesis, resulting in stoichiometric compounds with less cation mixing. A 150 
mAh g1 capacity will result from cycling the symmetrical NCM333 between 2.5 and 4.3 V, 
according to research on the material. Higher cut-off voltage tests, such those at 4.6 V, 
produced capacities of up to 200 mAh g-1, but at the expense of cycle stability. NCM333 is 
simple to make, and several methods have been documented to produce the needed 
material.

Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP

Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano-scale phosphate cathode material. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused.Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. As a trade-off, its lower nominal voltage of 3.2V/cell reduces the specific energy below that of cobalt-blended lithium-ion.

Name	Anode	Cathode	Separator	Electrolyte	Anode reaction	Cathode reaction	Overall reaction
Lithium Cobalt oxide (LCO)	Graphite	LCO	polyolefin	Ethlyene Carbonate	𝐶 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 + + 𝑥𝑒 − ↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑥C	𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑜𝑂2 ↔ 𝐿𝑖1−𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑂2 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 + + 𝑥𝑒 −	𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑜𝑂2 + 𝐶 ↔ 𝐿𝑖1−𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑂2 + 𝐿𝑖𝑥𝐶
Lithium mangnese oxide (LMO)	Graphite	LMO	polyolefin	Lithium halide	𝐶 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 + + 𝑥𝑒 − ↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑥C	Li₁₋ₓMn₂O₄ + xLi⁺ + xe⁻ → LiₓMn₂O₄	Li₁₋ₓMn₂O₄ + xLiC₆ ↔ LiₓMn₂O₄ + C₆
Nickel Cobalt Al oxide (NCA)	Graphite	NCA	polyolefin	Ethlyene Carbonate	𝐶 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 + + 𝑥𝑒 − ↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑥C	Li⁺ + Co₁₋ₓNiₓAlₓO₂ + xLi⁺ + xe⁻ ↔ LiCo₁₋ₓNiₓAlₓO₂	Co₁₋ₓNiₓAlₓO₂ + C₆ ↔ LiCo₁₋ₓNiₓAlₓO₂ + xLiC₆
Nickel cobalt managnese oxide  (NMC)	Graphite	NMC	polyolefin	LiPF6	𝐶 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 + + 𝑥𝑒 − ↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑥C	Li(Ni₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁)O₂ → Li⁺ + Ni₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁O₂ + Li⁺ + xe⁻	Li(Ni₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁)O₂ + LiC₆ ↔ Ni₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁O₂ + C₆
Lithium ferrous phosphate (LFP)	Graphite	LFP	polyolefin	Ethlyene Carbonate	𝐶 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 + + 𝑥𝑒 − ↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑥C	LiFePO₄ → Li⁺ + FePO₄ + xe⁻	LiFePO₄ + LiC₆ ↔ FePO₄ + C₆
Lithium titante (LTO)	Graphite	LTO	polyolefin	LiPF6	𝐶 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 + + 𝑥𝑒 − ↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑥C	Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ↔ 4Li⁺ + 5TiO₂ + 4e⁻	Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ + LiC₆ ↔ 5TiO₂ + C₆