Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Li - ion cell Type	Cathode	Anode	Electrolyte	Separator	Overall Reaction at Cathode & Anode	Application
LCO	Graphite	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Ethylene Carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li1-xCoO2(s) + x Li+ + x e- → LiCoO2(s)	Mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras
LMO	lithium manganese oxide	Graphite carbon	Methyl carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Mn2+ + 2 LiC6 → Mn + 2 Li++ graphite	Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
NCA	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Aluminium	Graphite carbon	Propylene carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li(1−x)NiO2 → (2 − x)Li(1−x)/(2−x)Ni1/(2−x)O + x/2O2	Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)
NMC	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Manganese	Lithium metal Graphite	Methyl carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li(x)MO2(s) → Li+(org) + Li(x-1)MO2(s) + e	E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial
LFP	Comprised of Lithium, Iron & Phosphate	Graphite carbon	Propylene carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin		Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance
LTO	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Manganese	Lithium–titanium oxide	Propylene carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li4Ti5O12 + 3Li+ + 3e → 4 Li7Ti5O12	UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting

1. Lithium cobalt oxide - LiCoO2 (LCO)

* Also known as lithium cobaltate or lithium-ion cobalt batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from lithium carbonate and cobalt.

* They have a cobalt oxide cathode and use graphite carbon as their anode material; during discharge, lithium ions move from anode to cathode, with the flow reversing when the battery is charging.

This battery has some drawbacks, including relatively short battery life and limited specific power. additionally, these batteries are not as safe as other types.

2. Lithium Manganese Oxide - LiMn2O4 (LMO)

* The first commercial lithium-ion cells made with lithium manganese oxide as a cathode material were produced in 1996 by Moli Energy.

* Lithium manganese oxide batteries are notable for their high-temperature stability and are also safer than other lithium-ion battery types.

* For this reason, they are often used in medical equipment and devices, but they may also be used in power tools, electric bikes and more.

* It is also possible to use lithium manganese oxide batteries to power laptops and electric powertrain cars.

3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide - LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA)

* Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide batteries are also called NCA batteries and are becoming increasingly important in electric powertrains and in grid storage.

* NCA batteries are not common in the consumer industry but are promising for the automotive industry.

* NCA batteries provide a high-energy option with a good lifespan, but they are not as safe as they could be compared to other lithium-ion battery types and are quite costly.

4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide - LiMnCoO2 (NMC)

* Also known as lithium manganese cobalt oxide or NMC batteries, include a cathode made of a combination of nickel, manganese and cobalt.

* Like other lithium-ion battery varieties, NMC batteries can have either a high specific energy density or a high specific power. They cannot, however, have both properties.

* This battery type is most common in power tools and in powertrains for vehicles.

* The cathode combination ratio is usually 60 per cent nickel, 20 per cent manganese and 20 per cent cobalt. This means that the raw material cost is lower than it is for other lithium-ion battery options, as cobalt can be quite expensive.

* These batteries may come down in price further in the future, as some battery makers are planning to switch their battery chemistry to a higher % of Nickel so that they can use less cobalt.

* This battery type is commonly preferred for electric vehicles due to its very low self-heating rate.

5. Lithium Iron Phosphate - LiFePo4 (LFP)

* Lithium iron phosphate batteries, also known as li-phosphate batteries, use phosphate as a cathode. They benefit from low resistance properties, which enhance their safety and thermal stability.

Other benefits include durability and a long lifecycle — fully charged batteries can be stored with little change to the total lifespan of the battery’s charge.

* Li-phosphate batteries are often the most cost-effective option when their long battery life is considered. However, the lower voltage of the li-phosphate battery means that it has less energy than other types of lithium batteries.

* Accordingly, these batteries are often used in electric motorcycles as well as other applications that need a long lifecycle and significant safety.

6. Lithium Titanium Oxide - LiTiO2 (LTO)

* Finally, lithium titanate, also known as li-titanate, is a class of battery that allows for ever-increasing applications. the main advantage of the li-titanate battery is its remarkably fast recharge time.

* Currently, manufacturers of electric vehicles and bikes use li-titanate batteries, and there is potential for this type of battery to be used in electric buses for public transportation.

* However, these batteries have lower inherent voltage, or lower energy density, than other lithium-ion battery varieties, which can present issues with powering vehicles efficiently. Even so, the density of lithium titanate batteries is still higher than other non-lithium-ion batteries, which is a plus.

Battery:

* A Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as Flashlights, mobile phones and electric cars.

* When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

* The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal.

* When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a Redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy.

* There are two types of batteries,

1. Primary cell - These batteries are one time use batteries and they cannot be recharged for further usage.

2. Secondart cell - These batteries can be recharged and can be used for multiple times.

Lithium ion Cell:

* The Lithium ion batteries are secondary type of batteries which can be recharged for further usage.

* The Lithium ion cells have four main Components in it and they are,

(i) Cathode

(ii) Anode

(iii) Electrolyte

(iv) Seperator

(i) Cathode:

* They are the positive elctrodes of the cell.

* The cathode elctrode is usually made up of,

1. Layered Transition metal oxides - Has high Capacity but high in cost and poor in safety.

2. Spinels - High power Density but poor in conductivity and stability.

3. Olivines - Lees capacity but has long life and are high in safety.

(ii) Anode:

* They are the negative elctrodes of the cell.

* The anode elctrode is usually made up of,

1. Graphite

2. Hard Carbon, these anodes are less in cost and high in stability and specific capacity.

(iii) Electrolyte:

* An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent.

* The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent.

* Generally Lithium ion cells have electrolyes of Organic solvents such as, Ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate and lithium salt as solute.

(iv) Seperator:

* Battery separators provide a barrier between the anode (negative) and the cathode (positive) while enabling the exchange of lithium ions from one side to the other.

* They are materials that conducts ions but they do not conduct the electrons through them.

* Li-ion cells use polyolefin as a separator. This material has excellent mechanical properties, good chemical stability and is low-cost as well.