Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
A lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications.
Similar to the lead and nickel-based architecture, lithium-ion uses a cathode (positive electrode), and anode (negative electrode) and electrolyte as conductor. The cathode is metal oxide and the anode consist of porous carbon. During discharge, the ions flow from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte and separator, charge reversed the direction and the ions flow from the cathode to the anode.
A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ions as a key component of its electrochemistry. During a discharge cycle, lithium atoms in the anode are ionized and separated from their electrons. The lithium ions move from the anode and pass through the electrolyte until they reach the cathode, where they recombine with their electrons and electrically neutralize. The lithium ions are small enough to be able to move through a micro-permeable separator between the anode and cathode. In part because of lithium’s small size (third only to hydrogen and helium), Li-ion batteries are capable of having a very high voltage and charge storage per unit mass and unit volume.
Li-ion batteries can use a number of different materials as electrodes. The most common combination is that of lithium cobalt oxide (cathode) and graphite (anode), which is most commonly found in portable electronic devices such as cell phones and laptops. Other cathode materials include lithium manganese oxide (used in hybrid electric and electric automobiles) and lithium iron phosphate. Li-ion batteries typically use ether (a class of organic compounds) as an electrolyte.
Types of lithium-ion batteries
Lithium Cobalt Oxide
Lithium cobalt oxide batteries are manufactured from lithium carbonate and cobalt and are also known as lithium cobaltate or lithium-ion cobalt batteries. These batteries are used in cell phones, laptops, and electronic cameras because of their high specific energy. They have a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode, and lithium ions migrate from the anode to the cathode during discharge, with the flow reversing when the battery is charged. This battery has a few disadvantages, including short battery life and low specific power. We also want to let you know that these batteries are not as safe as other varieties. Despite this, they are a popular choice for cell phones and other portable electronic devices because of their properties.
Lithium Manganese Oxide
Lithium manganese oxide batteries are sometimes known as lithium manganate or lithium-ion manganese batteries, or li-manganese or manganese spinel batteries. The technology for this sort of battery was initially discovered in the 1980s, with the first publication in the Materials Research Bulletin in 1983. Moli Energy manufactured the first commercial lithium-ion cells using lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material in 1996. High-temperature stability distinguishes lithium manganese oxide batteries from others, which are also safer than other lithium-ion battery types. As a result, they’re frequently found in medical equipment and devices, but they can also be used in power tools, electric motorcycles, and other applications. Lithium manganese oxide batteries can also be used to power laptop computers and electric vehicles.
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide
NCA batteries, or lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide batteries, are making their way in electric vehicles and grid storage. Although NCA batteries are not widely used in consumer electronics, they have great potential in the automobile industry. NCA batteries offer a high-energy choice with a long lifespan, but they are less safe than other lithium-ion battery types and are rather expensive. To ensure driver safety, NCA batteries must be accompanied by monitoring systems. Given the widespread use of NCA batteries in electric vehicles, demand for these batteries may increase as the number of electric vehicles grows.
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
Lithium Nickel manganese Cobalt Oxide batteries, often known as NMC batteries, are constructed of a variety of materials that are universal in lithium-ion batteries. A cathode constructed of a mix of nickel, manganese, and cobalt is included. NMC batteries, like other lithium-ion battery types, can have a high specific energy density or a high specific power. They can’t have both features, though. This battery is most commonly seen in power tools and automobile powertrains. 60% nickel, 20% manganese, and 20% cobalt are commonly the cathode combination ratios. This means that the cost of the raw material is lower than for other lithium-ion battery solutions, as cobalt may be fairly costly. Because some battery manufacturers plan to convert their battery chemistry to a larger percentage of nickel to utilize less cobalt, the price of these batteries may drop even more in the future. Because of its low self-heating rate, this battery type is often used in electric vehicles.
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Phosphate was identified as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries in 1996 by the University of Texas (and other collaborators). Li-phosphate has a low resistance and strong electrochemical performance. The nano-scale phosphate cathode material allows for this. The high current rating and long cycle life, as well as strong thermal stability, increased safety, and tolerance if mistreated, are the main advantages. Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. As a result of the lower nominal voltage of 3.2V/cell, the specific energy is lower than that of cobalt-blended lithium-ion batteries. Cold temperatures limit performance and excessive storage temperatures shorten service life in most batteries, and Li-phosphate is no exception. Li-phosphate batteries have a higher self-discharge than typical Li-ion batteries, which can lead to age balancing difficulties. This can be addressed by purchasing high-quality cells and/or employing sophisticated control circuits, both of which add to the pack’s cost. Manufacturing cleanliness is critical for long-term success. Moisture cannot be tolerated, or the battery will only last 50 cycles. The lithium-phosphate starter battery is frequently used to replace the lead-acid starter battery. Four cells connected in series create 12.80V, which is comparable to six 2V lead-acid cells connected in series. Vehicles retain a topping charge and charge lead-acid to 14.40V (2.40V/cell). On lead-acid batteries, a topping charge is used to keep the charge level full and prevent sulfation. Each cell in a sequence of four Li-phosphate cells peaks out at 3.60V, which is the correct full-charge voltage. The charge should be removed at this point, although the topping charge continues while driving. Li-phosphate is tolerant of moderate overcharging; however, holding the voltage at 14.40V for an extended period, as most vehicles do on a long drive, could cause Li-phosphate to become stressed. Cold temperatures diminish Li-ion performance, which can affect cranking ability in extreme instances.
Lithium Titanate
Finally, lithium titanate, often known as li-titanate, is a type of battery that has a growing number of uses. Because of its superior nanotechnology, the lithium-titanate battery has an extremely rapid recharge time. Li-titanate batteries are being employed by makers of electric vehicles and bicycles, and this type of battery has the potential to be used in electric buses for public transit. However, these batteries have a lower intrinsic voltage or energy density than other lithium-ion battery types, which might cause problems when it comes to efficiently power automobiles. Despite this, lithium titanate batteries have a higher density than non-lithium-ion batteries, which is a benefit. These batteries could be used for military and aerospace applications, as well as storing wind and solar energy and constructing smart grids. Furthermore, according to Battery Space, these batteries could be employed in power system system-critical backups.
Cell reactions
reference
https://inverted.in/blog/types-of-lithium-ion-batteries-available-in-the-market