Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it.

Battery:

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electromechanical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights mobiles phones and electic cars.When a battery is supplying power its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow though an external electric circuit to the positive terminal

When a battery is connected to an external electric load a redox reactions convert high energy reactants to lowe energy products and the free energy difference is delievered to the external circuit as electrical energy.

There are 2 types of Batteries

1: Primary cell: These batteries are one time use batteries and they cannot be recharged for futher usage.

2: Secondary cell: These batteries can be recharged and can be used for multiple times

Lithium ion cell: The Li ion batteries are secondary type of batteries which can be recharged for further usage

The Lithium ion cells have 4 main components in it and they are

1: Cathode

2: Anode

3: Electrolyte

4: Separator

1: Cathode: They are the positive electrodes of the cell.

The cathode electrode is usually made up of

1: Layered transition metal oxides- Has high capacity but high in cost and poor in safety

2: Spinels- High power density but poor in conductivity and stability

3: Olivines : Lees capacity but has long life and are high in safelty.

2: Anode: They are the negatively electrodes of the cell

The abode electrode is usually made up of

1: Graphite

2: Hard carbon these anodes are less in cost and high in stability and specific capacity

3: Electrolyte: An electrolyte is a substances that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvenbt

The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions which diperse uniformly through the solvent

Generally Lithium ion cells have electrolyte of Organic solvents such as Ethylene carbonate dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate and Lithium salt as solute.

4: Separator: Battery separators provide a barrier between the anode and the cathode while enabling the exchange of Lithium ions from one side to the other

They are materials that conducts ions but they donot conduct the electrons through them

Li ions cells use polyolefin as a separator this material has excellent mechanical properties good chemical stability and is low cost as well.

Working of Lithium cell:

The battery is made up of an anode cathode separator electrolyte and two current collectors ( Positive and neagtive) the anode and cathode store the lithium

The electrolyte carries positively charged Lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the separator.

The movement of the lithium ions creates fress electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector.

The electrical current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered to the negative current collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery.

While the battery is discharing and providing an electric current the anode release Lithium ions to the cathode.

When charging the opposite happens where Lithium ions are released by the cathode and received by the anode

This is the working principle of a lithium ions battery.

Types of Li ions Batteries:

1: Lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO2(LCO)

Also known as Lithium cobaltate or Loithium ion cobalt batteries Lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from Lithium carbonate and cobalt

They have a cobalt oxide cathode and use graphite carbon as their anode material during discharge Lithium ions move from anode to cathode, with the flow reversing when the battery is charging.

This type of battery has some drawbacks including a relatively short battery is charging

This type of battery has some drawback including a ral

2: Lithium Maganese oxide LiMnշ O₄(LMO):

The first commercial Lithium ion cells made with Lithium manganese oxide as a cathode materials were produced in 1996 BY Moli Energy.

Lithium manganese oxide batteries are notable for their high temperature stability and are also safer than other Lithium ion battery types.

For this reason they are often used in medical equipment and devices but they may also be used in power tools electrical bikes

and more.

It is possible to use Lithium manganete oxide batteries to power Laptop and electric power train cars

3: Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium oxide LiNiCoAlOշ (NCA):

Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries are also called NCA batteries and are becoming increasingly important in electric powertrains and in grid storage.

NCA batteries are not common in the consumer inductry but are promisiong for the automotive industry.

NCA batteries provide a high energy option with a good lifespan but they are not as safe as they could be compared to other lithium ion battery types and are quite costly.

4: Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide LiMnCoOշ (NMC):

Also known as Lithium manganese cobalt oxide or NMC bateries include a cathode made of a combination of nickel manganese and cobalt

Like other Lithium ion battery varities NMC Batteries can have either a high specfic energy density or a high specific power they cannot however have both properties.

This battery type is most common in power tools and in powertrains for vehicles.

The cathode combination ratio is usually60 % Nickel 20% manganese and 20% cobalt . This means that the raw material cost is lower tha it is for other lithium ion battery options as cobalt can be quite expensive.

5: Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePo4 (LFP):

Lithium iron phosphate batteries also known as li phosohate batteries use phosphate as a cathode they benefit from low resistance properties which enables their safety and thermal stability.

Li Phosphate batteries are often the most cost effective option as well when their long battery life is taken into consideration.

However the lower voltage of the Li phosphate battery means that it has less energy than other types of lithium batteries

Accordingly these batteries are oftern used in electric motorcycles as well as other applications that need a long life cycle and significantly safety.

6: Lithium Titanium oxide LiTiO2 (LTO):

Lithium Titanate also know as Li titanate is a class of battery that allows for ever increasing applications the main advantages of the LI titanate battery is its remarkably fast recharge time.

Currently manufacturer of electric vehicles and bikes use Li Titanate batteries and there is potential for this type of battery to be used in electric buses for public transportation.

However these batteries have lower inherent voltage or lower energy density than other lithium ion battery varieties which can present issue with powering vehicles efficiently . Even so the density of Lithium titanate batteries is still higher than other non lithium ion batteries which is a plus.

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics