Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

1.Li-ion Batteries:

                         Lithium- ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery.Lithium - ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vechicles and are growing in military and aerospace applications.

Similar to the lead and nickel based architecture,lithium - ion uses a cathode(positive electrode),an anode (negetive electrode)and electrolyte as conductor.The cathode is a metal oxide and the anode consists of porous carbon.During discarge the ions flow from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte and the seperator,charge reverses the direction and the ions flow from the cathode to the anode.

Fig.1

Types of li-ion cells:lCO

Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2)

Its high specific energy makes Li-Cobalt the popular choice for phones,laptops, and digital cameras.The battery consists of cobalt oxide cathode and a grapite carbon anode.The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge,lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode.The flow reverges on charge.The drawback of Lithium cobalt is relatively short span,low thermal stability and limited load capabilities.(Specific Power)

Lithium Magenese Oxide(LiMn2o4)-LMO

Li-ion with the maganese spinel was first published in Material Reaserch Bulletin in 1983.In 1996,Moli Energy commericialized a Li-ion cell with lithium maganese oxide as cathode material.The arcitecture forms the three dimentional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode,wich results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling.The Futher advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety,but the cycle and calendar life are limited.

Litium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide(LiNiCoAlo2)

NCA has been around 1999 for special applications,It sares similarities between NMC by offering high Specific Energy reasonably good specific power and life span.Less flattering are safety and cost.

Lithium Nickel Maganese Cobalt Oxide(LiNiMnCoO2)

One of the most successful Li-Ion systems is cathode combination of NMC.Similar to Li Maganese these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells.

Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4)-LFP

Li-Phosphate offers good electrocemical performance with low resistance.This is made possible with nano space cathode material.The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life,besides good thermal stability enanced safety and tolerance if abused.Li-Phospate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time.

Lithium Titanate(Li2Tio3)-LTO

Battries  with Lithium titanate anodes since the 1980s.Li-Titanate replaces the grapite in the anode of a typical lithium ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure.The cathode can be lithium maganese oxide.NMC.Li Titanate has a nominal cell voltage 2.40V Can be fast charged and delievers high discarge current of 10C or 10 times the rated capacity.The cycle count is said to be higher than that of regular Li-Ion.It is safe low temperature discarge.

Name	Anode	Cathode	Seperator	Electrolyte	Anode Reaction	Cathode Reaction	Overall Reaction
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LCO)	Graphite	Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LCO)	polyolefin	Ethylene Carbonate	LiC6↔C6+Li++e-	CoO2+Li++e-↔LiCoO2	C6+Li CoO2↔ Li C6+ CoO2
Lithium MaganeseOxide(LMO)	Graphite	Lithium MaganeseOxide(LMO)	polyolefin	Lithium Maganese	LiC6↔C6+Li++e-	MnO2+Li++e-↔LiMnO2	C6+Li Mn2O4↔ Li C6+ Mn2O4
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide(NCA)	Graphite	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide(NCA)	polyolefin	Ethylene Carbonate	LiC6↔C6+Li++e-	NiCoAiO2+Li++e-↔LiNiCoAio2	C6+ LiNiMnCoAiO2↔ Li C6+ NiCoAiO2
Lithium Nickel Maganese Cobalt Oxide(NMC)	Graphite	Lithium Nickel Maganese Cobalt Oxide(NMC)	polyolefin	Lithium Maganese	LiC6↔C6+Li++e-	NiMnCoO2+Li++e-↔  LiNiMnCoO2	C6+LiNiCoAiO2↔ Li C6+NiMnCoO2
Litihium Iron Phosphate(LFP)	Graphite	Litihium Iron Phosphate(LFP)	polyolefin	Ethylene Carbonate	LiC6↔C6+Li++e-	FePO4+ Li++e-↔Li FePO4	C6   +LiFePO4   ↔ Li C6+FePO4
Lithium Titanate(LTO)	Graphite	Lithium Titanate(LTO)	polyolefin	Lithium Maganese	Li4Ti3O12↔Ti3O12+4Li++4e-	4Mn2O4 +4Li++4e-↔4Li Mn2O4	4Mn2O4+Li4Ti3O12↔4LiMn2O4+Ti3O12

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

S.NO	LITHIUM ION BATTERIES	SPECIFIC POWER	SPECIFIC ENERGY	SAFETY FACTOR	LIFE SPAN	COST	PERFORMANCE
1.	LITHIUM COBALT OXIDE	L	H	L	L	L	M
2.	LITHIUM MANGANESE OXIDE	M	M	M	L	L	L
3.	LITHIUM MANGANESE COBALT OXIDE	M	H	M	M	L	M
4.	LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE	H	L	H	H	L	M
5.	LITHIUM NICKEL COBALT ALUMINIUM OXIDE	M	H	L	M	M	M
6.	LITHIUM TITANATE	M	L	H	H	H	H

L:LOW       M:MODERATE     H:HIGH