Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

ANSWER:-

Types of batteries:-

Primary batteries:-

• These are the tyrpes of batteries that cannot be recharged and can be used again and again.
• They are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms.
• battery manufacturers recommend against of using primary batteries.
• we can say Dry cell and lithium batteries are primary cells.

Secondary batteries:-

• These are also known as rechargeable batteries.,these can be used and recharges simultaneously.
• They have the active materials with active in the discharged state.
• It is recharged by some electrolysis and chemical reaction between cathode and anode.
• We can say lead acid,nickel cadmium,metal air, nickel metal hydride and most important lithium ion batteries.

The below table shows the comparison between the Six lithium batteries

S.NO	BATTERY	FULL FORM	CATHODE	ANODE	SEPERATOR	ELECTROLYTE	REACTION AT ANODE	REACTION AT CATHODE
1	LCO	lithium cobalt oxide	Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)	Graphite	Polyolefin	LiPF6	LixC6 =( xLi+) + (Xe-)+(C6)	Li1-x Co O2 +( Xli+) +( Xe-) = LiCo O2
2	LMO	lithium manganese oxide	(Lithium Manganese oxide) LiMn2O4	Graphite	Polyolefin	LiPF6	LixC6 =( xLi+) + (Xe-)+(C6)	Li1-x Mn2O4 +( Xli+) +( Xe-) = LiMn2 O4
3	NCA	lithium Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide	( Nickel Cobalt aluminium) LiNiCoAlO2	Graphite	Polyolefin	LiPF6	LixC6 =( xLi+) + (Xe-)+(C6)	Li1-x NiCoAlO2 +( Xli+) +( Xe-) = LiNiCoAlO2
4	NMC	lithium Nickel manganese cobalt oxide	( Nickel Manganese Cobalt )LiNiMnCoO2	Graphite	Polyolefin	LiPF6	LixC6 =( xLi+) + (Xe-)+(C6)	Li1-x Ni0.8 Mn0.1 Co0.1 O2 +( Xli+) +( Xe-) = LiNi0.8 Mn0.1 Co0.1 O2
5	LFP	lithium iron phosphate	(Lithium iron phosphate )LiMn2O4	Graphite	Polyolefin	LiPF6	LixC6 =( xLi+) + (Xe-)+(C6)	Li1-x FePO4 +( Xli+) +( Xe-) = Li Fe PO4
6	LTO	lithium titanium oxide	(Lithium Titanate) LiMn2O4	Graphite	Polyolefin	LiPF6	Li4 Ti5 O12 = (Ti5 O12) + (4Li+) +(4e-)	4 Li1-x Mn2O4 +4Li+ +4e- = 4LiMn2O4

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

ANSWER:-

Specific energy:

• This defines the battery capacity in weight (Wh/kg). The capacity relates to the runtime.
• Products requiring long runtimes at moderate load are optimized for high specific energy.

Specific power:

• It's the ability to deliver a high current and indicates loading capability.
• Batteries for power tools are made for high specific power and come with a reduced specific energy.

Performance:

• This measures how well the battery works over a wide range of temperatures.
• Most batteries are sensitive to heat and cold and require climate control.
• Heat reduces life, and cold lowers performance temporarily.

Lifespan:

• This reflects cycle life and longevity and is related to factors such as temperature, depth of discharge, and load.
• Hot climates accelerate capacity loss. Cobalt blended lithium-ion batteries also usually have a graphite anode that limits the cycle life.

Safety:

• This relates to factors such as the thermal stability of the materials used in the batteries.
• The materials should have the ability to sustain high temperatures before becoming unstable. Instability can lead to thermal runaway in which flaming gases are vented.
• Fully charging the battery and keeping it beyond the designated age reduces safety.

Cost:

• Demand for electric vehicles has generally been lower than anticipated and this is mainly due to the cost of lithium-ion batteries.
• Hence cost is a huge factor when selecting the type of lithium-ion battery.

Comparison Of Lithium ion batteries:-

Lithium-ion battery Types	specific power density	specific energy density	Safety	Life span	cost	Overall performance
Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Lithium Manganese Oxide	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Low
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	Moderate	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate
Lithium Iron Phosphate	High	Low	High	High	Low	Moderate
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide	Moderate	H	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Lithium Titanate	Moderate	Low	High	High	High	High