Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Li-ion Battery

Lithium ions cathode materials:-

Main three types by their chemistry,

1. Transition metal Oxides :- Highest power capacity but cost is high and safety is less
2. Spinel :- High power density but poor electric conductivity and structural stability
3. Oivine :- Batter safety and long life but low capacity and voltage

Lithium ions anode materials:-

• Anode on carbon based structure which is low cost, stable and high specific voltage
• Also in some material silicon use as structure but it is poor with vibration so less feasible to use

Lithium ions anode materials:-

• Mixture of Organic solvent such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate which contains a dissolved lithium salt

Main battery comparison:-

Sr. No.	Name	Cathode	Anode	Chemical Reaction Cathode	Chemical Reaction Anode
1	LCO	Lithium cobalt oxide transition	Carbon or Silicon	Li(x)CoO2(s) → Li+(org) + Li(x-1)CoO2(s) + e-	Li+(org) + e- → Li(gr)
2	LMO	Lithium manganese Oxide spinels	Carbon or Silicon	Li(x)Mn2O4(s) → Li+(org) + Li(x-1)Mn2O4(s) + e-	Li+(org) + e- → Li(gr)
3	NCA	Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide transition	Carbon or Silicon	Li(x)NiCoAlO2(s) → Li+(org) + Li(x-1) NiCoAlO2(s) + e-	Li+(org) + e- → Li(gr)
4	NMC	Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide transition	Carbon or Silicon	Li(x)NiMgCoO2(s) → Li+(org) + Li(x-1)NiMgCoO2(s) + e-	Li+(org) + e- → Li(gr)
5	LFP	Lithium iron phosphate oivines	Carbon or Silicon	Li(x)FePO4(s) → Li+(org) + Li(x-1) FePO4(s) + e-	Li+(org) + e- → Li(gr)
6	LTO	Lithium titanate oxide spinels	Carbon or Silicon	Li(4x)Ti5O12(s) → Li+(org) + Li(4x-1)Ti5O12(s) + e-	Li+(org) + e- → Li(gr)

Comparison of Lithium-ion batteries :-

For rechargeable batteries, energy density, safety, charge and discharge performance, efficiency, life cycle, cost and maintenance issues are the points of interest when comparing different technologies.

LFP consists of phosphate in the cathode material. It offers higher thermal stability but moderate specific energy and a lower nominal voltage than some other types of Li-ion batteries. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, as well as enhanced safety and tolerance if abused. The cost of LFP is lowest among different types of Li-ion batteries.

NMC consists of different portions of each of nickel, manganese and cobalt in the cathode material. The advantage of NMC are that its structure can be adapted to the purpose of use, for example to obtain high capacity or high specific power. In addition, it has higher energy density compared to other variants, such as LFP and LMO. However, its thermal stability is poor compared to LFP.

NCA is a development of lithium-nickel oxide, with added aluminium to increase stability. The specific energy density for NCA is similar or even higher than NMC. The battery is mostly used for high energy applications such as electric vehicles. Disadvantages are the safety and cost.

LMO consists manganese oxide in the cathode material. The structure of the cell provides low internal resistance, and thereby fast charging time, as well as thermal stability. The disadvantage of the LMO is that it has both a shorter lifespan and a shorter cycling life.

LCO consists of a cobalt oxide cathode. It offers a high specific energy. The drawback of LCO is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited specific power.

Properties comparision by value for some LIB :-