Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
Q1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it
ANS:-
Li-ion Cell
Lithium-ion cells are rechargeable cells, they use lithium as one of the key components in the construction of the cell. The development of Li-ion cells started in the early 70s, and their advancement and potential to catapult the energy storage systems making the adoption of EV’s a reality caused its inventors to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019. These are rechargeable cells commonly used in portable electronics to something as large as Discoms for storing energy produced from renewable energy. There is a tremendous amount of research going on in the Li-ion batteries which cause the capacity of battery to increase drastically in the coming future. In the past 3 decades, the cost of battery has decreased by 97% and since the last decade, it has fallen by 88%.
Components of Li-ion Cell
Like any other cell, Li-ion cells are also made up of different components. These internal components help in shaping the features and other characteristics of a Li-ion cell. The Li-ion cell has 4 main components that are Cathode, Anode, Electrolyte, and Separator. The image below shows the different components of a Li-ion cell.
Table shows below the cathode material and their chemical reactions:
|
Sr. |
Battery type |
Electrode material |
Chemical reactions |
|
1. |
LCO |
Cathode: Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) Anode: Graphite |
At anode: LiC6 → Li+ + e- + Co At cathode: CoO2 + Li+ + e-→LICO2 Complete: LiC6+ CoO2→C6 + LiCoO2 |
|
2 |
LMO |
Cathode: Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn204) Anode: Graphite |
At anode: LiC6→ Li+ + e- + C6 At cathode: Mn2O4 + Li+ + e-→LiMn2O4 Complete: LiC6 + Mn2O4 → C6 + LiMn2O4 |
|
3 |
NCA |
Cathode: Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) Anode: Graphite |
At anode: LiC6 → Li+ + e- + C6 At cathode: NiCoAlO2 + Li+ + e- → LiNiCOALO2 Complete: LiC6 + NiCoAlO2→C6 + LiNiCoAlO2 |
|
4 |
NMC |
Cathode: Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnC002) Anode: Graphite |
At anode: LiC6→Li+ e- + C6 At cathode: NiMnCoO2 + Li+ +e- → LiNiMnCO2 Complete: LiC6 + NiMnCO2→ C6 + LiNiMnCoO2 |
|
5 |
LFP |
Cathode: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Anode: Graphite |
At anode: LiC6 → Li+ + e- + Co6 At cat Cathode: hode: FePO4 + Li+ + e- LiFePO4
Complete: LiC6 + FePO4 → Co + LiFePO4 |
|
6 |
LTO |
Cathode: Lithium Manganese oxide (LiMn204) Anode: Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) |
At anode: LizTiO3 → TiO3 + 2Li+ + 2e At cathode: Mn204 + 2Li* + 2e- → LiMn204 Complete: LiTiO3 + 2Mn204 → 2LiMn204 + TiO3 |
Q2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics
ANS:- Battery Comparison
The battery can be compared on many different parameters such as nominal voltage, the weight of the battery, specific energy, etc. The chart given below compares data of different chemistry of Li-ion cell. For reference, we have also added NiMh, Ni-cd battery in the table below.
|
|
Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO |
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC |
Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP |
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA |
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO |
|
Voltages Nominal (Volt) |
2.40V |
3.70V |
3.30V |
3.70V |
3.70V |
|
Typical operating range (V/cell) |
1.8V–2.85V |
3.0V–4.2V |
2.5V–3.65V |
3.0 V–4.2V |
3.0 V–4.2V |
|
Specific energy (Wh/kg) |
50–80Wh/kg |
150–220Wh/kg |
90–120Wh/kg |
200-260Wh/kg |
150–200Wh/kg. |
|
Charge (C-rate) |
1C typical; 5C maximum, charges to 2.85V |
0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V |
1C typical, charges to 3.65V |
0.7C, charges to 4.20V, fast charging possible with some cells |
0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V |
|
Discharge (C-rate) |
10C possible, 30C 5s pulse |
1C, 2C possible on some cells |
1C, 25C on some cells |
1C |
1C |
|
Cycle life |
3,000–7,000 |
1000–2000 |
5000-7000; up to 12000 possible in some cells |
500 |
500–1000 |
|
Thermal runaway |
200°C + |
210°C (410°F) |
270°C (518°F) |
150°C (302°F) |
150°C (302°F) |
|
Cost (per kWh) |
~$1,005 |
~$420 per |
~$580 |
~$350 |
- |
|
Application |
Electric vehicles, UPS, etc |
E-bikes, E-Rikshaw, industrial equipment, etc |
E-bikes, E-Rikshaw, Battery Energy storage system for discoms, offices and homes |
Medical devices, industrial equipment, electric vehicles |
Smart watches, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras |