Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.

Battery type	Cathode	Anode	Discharging	Charging
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	Cobalt oxide	Graphite carbon	Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Cathode accepts electrons & gets reduced (Cobalt oxide is reduced to Cobalt).	Anode accepts electrons & gets reduced, Cathode gives up electrons & gets oxidised.
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	Lithium, Manganese oxide based (Manganese dioxide)	Graphite carbon	Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Lithium / Manganese oxide is reduced to Li / Mn.	Anode accepts electrons & gets reduced, Cathode gives up electrons & gets oxidised.
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA)	Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide	Graphite carbon	Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide is reduced to Li, Ni, Co, Al.	Anode accepts electrons & gets reduced, Cathode gives up electrons & gets oxidised.
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)	Silicon-based (Nickel, Manganese, Cobalt in 1:1:1 ratio)	Graphite carbon	Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (Cathode) is reduced.	Anode accepts electrons & gets reduced, Cathode gives up electrons & gets oxidised.
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Graphite carbon	Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Iron (Cathode) loses electrons and gets reduced to Fe2+.	Anode accepts electrons & gets reduced, Cathode gives up electrons & gets oxidised.
Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO)	Lithium manganese oxide	Lithium Titanate nano-crystals	The maximum charge and discharge rate is 10C.	Can be charged at rates higher than 5C.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) - For LCO battery type, the cathode is cobalt oxide and nanode is graphite carbon. During discharging, the cobalt oxide is reduced to cobalt and Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised.

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) - For LMO battery type, the cathode is Lithium or Manganese based oxide and anode is graphite carbon. During discharging, oxide of Lithium / Manganese is reduced to Lithium & Manganese.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA) - For NCA battery type, the cathode is Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide and anode is graphite carbon. During discharging, Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide is reduced to Li, Ni, Co, Al.

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) - For NMC battery type, the cathode is Silicon-based with Nickel, Manganese & Cobalt and anode is graphite carbon. During discharging, Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (Cathode) is reduced.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) - For LFP battery type, the cathode is Lithium Iron Phosphate and anode is graphite carbon. During discharging, Anode gives up electrons & gets oxidised. Iron (Cathode) loses electrons and gets reduced to Fe2+.

Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) - For LTO battery type, the cathode is Lithium manganese oxide and anode is Lithium Titanate nano-crystals. It has a maximum charge and discharge rate is 10C. It can be charged at rates higher than 5C.

2.

Battery type	Specific energy	Specific power	Safety	Performance	Life span	Cost
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	Very high	Limited load capability	Moderate, Low thermal stability	Moderate	Short life span	Essential metal (Cobalt) is expensive which makes the battery expensive
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	Moderate, Newer designs offer better specific energy	Newer designs offer better specific power	High thermal stability, enhanced safety	Fast charging and high-current discharging, Can be improved	Low, newer designs offer better life span	Moderate
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA)	High	High	Need to improve	Moderate	Moderate	High cost
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)	High	High	Lowest self-heating rate	Good	Good	Cobalt is expensive but system can be built economically
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)	Moderate	Moderate	Safest	Good thermal stability	Long cycle life	Moderate
Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO)	Low	Reasonably good	Safest	Good at low temperatures, Fast charge	Highest	Expensive

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) - The Specific energy of Lithium Cobalt Oxide is very high. It has a limited load capability & Moderate safety. The performance is moderate but the life span is short.

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) - The Specific energy of Lithium Manganese Oxide is very Moderate. However, Newer designs offer better specific energy. The specific power is also less but with newer designs, we can expect better specific power. The safety is enhanced and it has high thermal stability. It has fast charging and high-current discharging, but the life span is short. With newer design, we can expect better life span. The cpost factor is also moderate.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA) - The Specific energy & specific power of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium is quite high. But in terms of safety, there is a need for improvement. It has moderate performance & a similar life span but in terms of the cost, it is very expensive.

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) - The Specific energy & specific power of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt is quite high. It has the lowest self-heating rate. The performance & life span parameters are good. Eventhough the cobalt is expensive, the manufacturing can be done economically.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) - The Specific energy & specific power of Lithium Iron Phosphate is moderate. However, it is among the safest of the cell types. It also has a good thermal stability & a long life cycle. Even the cost parameters are moderate.

Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) - The Specific energy of Lithium Titanate Oxide is quite low. The specific power of is good. It is also one of the safest cell types. The main edge of this type over the other types is its ability to work good in low temperatures and have a fast charging. It also has the highest life span. With all such benefits, it also is the most expensive cell type.