Project - Analysis of a practical automotive wiring circuit

1) Identify each of the major elements in the above automotive wiring diagram.

Ans= major elements

BATTERY , Staricr ,brakers, genretor, fule gej ,fuse , current and voltage regulater ,ingition coil , distibutor ,ingition swith,

2) Explain the purpose and working of any three elements briefly.

Ans = BATTERY

A battery works on the oxidation and reduction reaction of an electrolyte with metals. When two dissimilar metallic substances, called electrode, are placed in a diluted electrolyte, oxidation and reduction reaction take place in the electrodes respectively depending upon the electron affinity of the metal of the electrodes. As a result of the oxidation reaction, one electrode gets negatively charged called cathode and due to the reduction reaction, another electrode gets positively charged called anode.

The cathode forms the negative terminal whereas anode forms the positive terminal of a battery. To understand the basic principle of battery properly, first, we should have some basic concept of electrolytes and electrons affinity. Actually, when two dissimilar metals are immersed in an electrolyte, there will be a produced between these metals.

It is found that, when some specific compounds are added to water, they get dissolved and produce negative and positive ions. This type of compound is called an electrolyte. The popular examples of electrolytes are almost all kinds of salts, acids, and bases etc. The energy released during accepting an electron by a neutral atom is known as electron affinity. As the for different materials are different, the electron affinity of different materials will differ.

If two different kinds of metals are immersed in the same electrolyte solution, one of them will gain electrons and the other will release electrons. Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons and which will lose electrons, depend upon the electron affinity of these metals. The metal with low electron affinity will gain electrons from the negative ions of the electrolyte solution.

On the other hand, the metal with high electron affinity will release electrons and these electrons come out into the electrolyte solution and are added to the positive ions of the solution. In this way, one of these metals gains electrons and another one loses electrons. As a result, there will be a difference in electron concentration between these two metals.

This difference in electron concentration causes an electrical potential difference developed between the metals. This electrical potential difference or emf can be utilized as a source of voltage in any electronics or eletrical ciruit . This is a general and basic principle of battery and this is how a battery works.

All batteries cells are based only on this basic principle. Let’s discuss one by one. As we said earlier, Alessandro Volta developed the first battery cell, and this cell is popularly known as the simple voltaic cell . This type of simple cell can be created very easily. Take one container and fill it with diluted sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. Now we immerse one zinc and one copper rod in the solution and we connect them externally by an electric load. Now your simple voltaic cell is completed. Current will start flowing through the external load.

Zinc in a diluted sulfuric acid gives up electrons as below:

These Zn ^{+ +} ions pass into the electrolyte, and each of the Zn ^{+ +} ions leaves two electrons in the rod. As a result of the above oxidation reaction, the zinc electrode is left negatively charged and hence acts as a cathode. Consequently, the concentration of Zn ^{+ +} ions near the cathode in the electrolyte increases.

As per the property of electrolyte, the diluted sulfuric acid and water have already disassociated into positive hydronium ions and negative sulfate ions as given below:

Due to the high concentration of Zn^{+ +} ions near the cathode, the H₃O⁺ ions get repelled towards the copper electrode and get discharged by absorbing electrons from atoms of the copper rod. The following reaction takes place at the anode:

As a result of the reduction reaction taking place at the copper electrode, copper rod gets positively charged and hence it acts as an anode.

purpose :

The first purpose of an auto battery is to provide power for starting your vehicle. It also acts as a surge protector for the car's computer and provides power for short-term use of things like lights, stereo, GPS or wipers when the engine is off. The car battery is part of the starting system.

Distributor :

When the cam pushes the cam follower of the contact breaker, the contact points of the contact breaker opens and collapses the primary current through the primary winding.This produces a high voltage current in the secondary winding. The high voltage current produced is transfer to the distributor’s central terminal.The current from the central terminal reaches to the outer edges of the rotor through the carbon bush. As the rotor comes in front of the internal terminal of the spark plug in the distributor cap, the high voltage electrical pulses (or surge) pass to the spark plug and it produces a spark within the cylinder head.The distributor produces spark in each of the spark plug in in correct sequence and in correct amount of time.In this way, the ignition distributor works.

purpose :

The distributor's main function is to route high voltage current from the ignition coil to the spark plugs in the correct firing order, and for the correct amount of time.

Starter :

A starter or starter motor is an electrical device that used to rotate (crank) internal combustion engines so as to initiate the engine’s operation under its own power. As soon as the engine begins to run, it got disconnected from the engine, which now relies on the combustion process. The component is mounted on the engine’s gearbox housing, and the starter motor gear meets flywheel’s teeth.Being an electrical component, a starter consists of a powerful DC (Direct Current) electric motor and a solenoid. The solenoid receives positive power direct from the battery and hearth current from the engine body. In order to turn the engine, a 12-volt battery must be used to run the starter. This means the battery has to be sufficient enough to power the device. In the most situation where the starter motor clicks but won’t start, the issue is either from the battery or starter itself.The starter motor has only one function which is the first and second rotations the engine needed. Apart from that, the device is just an extra load to the vehicle. There should be another means of starting vehicles without starter motors right! I think the component is too big for one function.Most drivers improvise if the starter is faulty or battery power is low. The improvising is done by pushing the vehicle back or fro just to begin the combustion process. Though this is not highly advisable, but in a situation where the battery needs to be charged by the vehicle’s alternator. We can discuss on the starter motor function and your experience improvising in the comment section.

Armature:

An armature is an electromagnet component that is mounted on the driveshaft or bearings for a guide. It is made of a laminated soft iron core which is wrapped with numerous conductor loops or windings.

Commutator:

A commutator is a section of the shaft at the rear of the housing on which brushes run to conduct electricity. It is made of two plates mounted to the axle of the armature, the plates provide connections for the coil of the electromagnet.

Brushes:

Brushes are parts that run on a section of the commutator at the rear of the housing. it rubs the commutator and conducts electricity.