Project - Analysis of a practical automotive wiring circuit

Q1) main components of electric vehicles are :

 battery ,Startor ,Ammeter,Regulator,Fuse,Distributor

,Breaker, junction block, current and voltage regulator, generator, ignition coil .

Q2)1. battery 

Traction battery pack is also known as Electric vehicle battery (EVB) . It powers the electric motors of an electric vehicle. The battery acts as an electrical storage system. It stores energy in the form DC current. The range will be higher with increasing kW of the battery. The life and operation of the battery depends on its design. The lifetime of a traction battery pack is estimated to be 200,000 miles.

• A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy.
• The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another, through an external circuit. 
• The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work.
• To balance the flow of electrons, charged ions also flow through an electrolyte solution that is in contact with both electrodes.
• Different electrodes and electrolytes produce different chemical reactions that affect how the battery works, how much energy it can store and its voltage. 

2. Regulator

The main function of the regulator is as a regulator of electrical energy from batteries and inverters that will be distributed to electric motors. While the controller itself gets the main input from the car pedal (which is set by the driver). This pedal setting will determine the frequency variation or voltage variation that will enter the motor, and at the same time determine the car’s speed.

It compares the output voltage with a precise reference voltage and adjusts the pass device to maintain a constant output voltage. A switching regulator converts the dc input voltage to a switched voltage applied to a power MOSFET or BJT switch.

3.Generator

 A generator is a device that converts motive power mechanical energy into electric power for use in an external cricuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines, wind turbines and even hand crank.

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an external source into electrical energy as the output.

It is important to understand that a generator does not actually ‘create’ electrical energy. Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit. This flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current supplied by the generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering the generator to be analogous to a water pump, which causes the flow of water but does not actually ‘create’ the water flowing through it.

The modern-day generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction . that the above flow of electric charges could be induced by moving an electrical conductor, such as a wire that contains electric charges, in a magnetic field. This movement creates a voltage difference between the two ends of the wire or electrical conductor, which in turn causes the electric charges to flow, thus generating electric current.

Q3). The fuse rating should lie somewhere between these two values to allow normal operation but blow on overload. For example, if the normal expected current draw is 10A and the cable size is 25A, then a fuse rated at 15A would be appropriate.

Q4) load =500W

Voltag and capacity of battery=?

assuming V=12v

P=V*I

500=12*I

I=41.66A

battery capacity =41.66A*1h

  =41.66Ah

Q5)Parallel combination circuits have multiple paths between the terminals. In a parallel combination of cells, all the positive terminals of the cells are connected together and the negative terminals of the cells are connected together.Parallel circuit elements share the same voltage( V1=V2) .

*When batteries are connected in parallel, the current flowing through the circuit increases with the number of batteries in the circuit.

Elements in parallel can be recognized in two ways:

• If multiple elements are connected to the same pair of nodes, the elements are in parallel.
• If applying KVL around a loop results in the conclusion that the voltages in two elements are identical, the elements are in parallel.

#horn is in perellar with parking lamp

#regulator is perellal with generator

Q6)

Series circuit elements share the same current.(i1=is) Elements in series can be recognized in two ways:

* If two and only two elements are connected to a single node, the elements are in series.

* If applying KCL at a node results in the conclusion that the currents in two elements are identical, the elements are in series.

 #battery is in series with ammeter

#ammeter is in series with regulator