Project

AIM: To carry out a system-level simulation of an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV).

OBJECTIVES :

• To carry out a Simulation of ATV.
• To prepare a technical report explaining the model properties & comments on the results.

THEORY :

All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV)

An All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV), a light utility vehicle (LUV), a quad bike, or simply a quad. It is a vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires and has a seat straddled by the operator along with handlebars for steering control. It is mainly built for a broader range of terrain.

Components of ATV

Here is the list of components used in the ATV:

• Vehicle Body
• Suspension
• Tire
• Engine
• Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)

MODEL :

BLOCKS USED :

Here is the list of blocks used in this model -

• Signal Builder
• GoTo
• Simulink-PS Converter
• Generic Engine
• Solver Configuration
• Mechanical Rotational Reference
• Engine Sensor
• Simple Gear
• Chart
• From
• Scope

Signal Builder -

The Signal Builder block allows you to create interchangeable groups of piecewise linear signal sources and use them in a model. It can quickly switch the signal groups into and out of a model to facilitate testing. In this model, there are two inputs named Brake and Throttle Input.

Generic Engine -

Represents a system-level model of spark-ignition and diesel engines suitable for use at the initial modeling stages when only the basic parameters are available. Optional idle speed and red line controllers are included.

The throttle input signal T lies between zero and one and specifies the torque demanded from the engine as a fraction of the maximum possible torque. If the engine speed falls below the Stall speed, the engine torque is blended to zero. If the engine speed exceeds the maximum, the simulation stops and issues an error message.

Connections F and B are mechanical rotational conserving ports associated with the engine crankshaft and engine block. Connections P and FC are physical signal output ports through which engine power and fuel consumption rate are reported.

Engine Sensor -

This sensor is connected to a Generic Engine. It consists of

• Physical Modeling Connection Port block for subsystems.
• Ideal Mechanical Rotational Sensor block measures angular velocity or angle in a mechanical rotational network. The sensor is ideal since it does not account for inertia, friction, delays, energy consumption & so on.
• PS Terminator block is used to terminate physical signal outputs. Unconnected biological signal output ports do not generate warnings, but a connection to a PS Terminator can be used to indicate that the signal was not inadvertently left unconnected
• This sensor is further connected with a CVT Subsystem.

CVT Subsystem -

The CVT mainly consists of

• Primary Pulley
• Variator
• Secondary Pulley
• Belt

Conditions :

1. If the primary pulley moves inward while the secondary pulley moves outward, it will lead to Overdrive. `(R_p>R_s)`.
2. If the primary pulley moves outward and the secondary pulley moves inward, it will lead to Speed Reduction. `(R_p.

This CVT Subsystem consists of various blocks such as Input & Output Shaft Inertia, Variable Gear Transmission, Ideal Rotational Motion Sensors, PS Terminator, and Mechanical Rotational Reference.

Simple Gear -

Represents a fixed-ratio gear or gearbox. No inertia or compliance is modeled in this block. It includes gear meshing, backlash, and viscous bearing losses. Connection B (base) is connected to the CVT subsystem, while Connection F (follower) is connected to the Vehicle Body. The connections are mechanical rotational conserving ports that specify the relation between base and follower rotation directions with the Output shaft rotates parameter.

Vehicle Body -

Represents a two-axle vehicle body in longitudinal motion. The block accounts for body mass, aerodynamic drag, road incline, and weight distribution between axles due to acceleration and road profile. The vehicle can have the same or a different number of wheels on each axle. Optionally include pitch and suspension dynamics or additional variable mass and inertia. The vehicle does not move vertically relative to the ground.

It consists of four wheels, two at the rear and the other at the front. The Rear wheel is connected with a Double Shoe Brake, which represents a brake arranged as two pivoted rigid shoes symmetrically installed inside or outside a drum and operated by one actuator. The actuator force causes the shoes to exert friction torque on a shaft connected to the drum.

STUDY 1: All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) with CVT

Signal Builder

• Brake Input is constant, i.e., Zero, throughout the given sample time, which is 80 seconds.
• Throttle Input is 0.5 for 20 seconds; later, it increases to 1 for the remaining time till 80 seconds.

Engine Torque - Speed Curve

Vehicle Speed depends on CVT Ratio. The data is extracted using the GRABIT command, which is available in the workspace. From the above graph, we have a maximum velocity of 3839.72 RPM.

CVT RATIO

RESULTS :

Engine Speed

Vehicle Speed

While providing Throttle Input, we observed if the value 0.3 is considered, then the velocity shows a sudden drop in the speed; hence we changed it to 0.5 to get the smooth flow of velocity.

CVT Shaft Speed

The CVT shows primary and secondary RMP variations based on their Gear Ratio.

STUDY 2: All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) with CVT and Dashboard

Model :

Explanation :

1. This model is similar to the previous one; the one extra added here is Dashboard, which has Brake and Throttle Input knobs that allow the user to change the input values while the simulation is running.
2. We kept the brake input as zero, whereas the throttle keeps changing based on the input by the user.
3. The change in throttle inputs results in changes in the vehicle speed, which varies simultaneously.

Results :

CVT

Engine Speed

Vehicle Speed

The brake Input is 0, and the Throttle Input is variable with the help of the knob. The change in the throttle input reflects in the Velocity as well.

CVT Shaft Speed

The CVT shows primary and secondary RMP variations based on their Gear Ratio.

STUDY 3: All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) with CVT using Lookup Table

Model :

Explanation :

1. In this model, the Brake and Throttle use a step signal as an input. Having a Lookup table with CVT Ratio vs. Vehicle Speed as a visualization table helps to specify the CVT Ratio.
2. Then, the model ran for 200 seconds and gave us the output of various plots.
3. Engine Speed, Vehicle speed, and CVT Shaft speed.

Results :

Lookup Table

CVT Ratio

The lookup plot and the CVT Ratio plot are similar.

Engine Speed

Vehicle Speed

In this, the Brake Input is 0, the Throttle Input is 0.3 for 20 seconds later, and 1 for the rest. The vehicle's velocity shows gradual growth for the first 20 seconds. After that, it increases from 20-40 seconds until the speed stabilizes.

CVT Shaft Speed

The CVT shows primary and secondary RMP variations based on their Gear Ratio.

STUDY 4: All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) with CVT and Dashboard using Lookup Table

Model :

Explanation :

1. This model is similar to the previous models. The only difference is the Dashboard along with a Lookup Table.
2. Here, the inputs can be given using the knobs on the dashboard. One is for the Brake, and the other is for Throttle Inputs. The simultaneous changes will show us the impact on Vehicle Speed.
3. Brake Input = 0, and Throttle Input can be increased or decreased during the simulation.
4. The Lookup table values need to be arranged to work in ascending or descending order.
5. We simulated for an inf period and gave Throttle input to get the final results.

Results :

Look UP table Visualization

Engine Speed

Vehicle Speed

From the graph, once the throttle is increased, the speed is increased, and vice-versa for the decrease in the throttle input. The brake remains zero throughout the simulation. The Vehicle shows similar changes concerning the throttle input.

CVT Shaft Speed

The CVT shows primary and secondary RMP variations based on their Gear Ratio.

CONCLUSION :

We ran a system-level simulation for a BAJA All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) model using CVT with or without Dashboard and Lookup Table based on the above-obtained results in the form of Engine Speed, Vehicle Speed, and CVT Shaft Speed helped to determine the vehicle's performance.