Project 2 - Electric Scooter

Task 1

Market analysis for electric scooter

The global electric scooters market size was estimated at USD 20.78 billion in 2021, and the market is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% from 2022 to 2030. The increasing demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, coupled with growing concerns over greenhouse gas and carbon emissions, is anticipated to drive the adoption of electric scooters (e-scooters) during the forecast period.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the overall automotive industry, leading to a subsequent decline in growth of the electric powertrain market, as a result of low automotive sales and new requirements during the first half of 2020. However, stringent emission norms by the government agencies such as emission standards for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), BS-VI in India and China VI is driving the market for electric scooters.

High mechanical efficiency, easy integration of regenerative braking, low noise levels, and moderately economical maintenance costs are the factors supporting the market growth. The COVID-19 crisis has resulted in a global economic slowdown. Lockdowns implemented in various parts of the world to curb the spread of the virus led to disruptions in the supply chains and a temporary ceasing of production at several production facilities. The electric scooters market is particularly vulnerable due to its dependency on global sourcing for its batteries' core technology. The initial purchase cost of electric vehicles is more significant than their gas-powered and hybrid counterparts. However, increasing awareness towards social distancing have resulted in surge in demand for electric scooters adoption. Increasing adoption of electric scooter sharing services in countries such as Spain, the U.S., Germany, and France has spurred the demand for battery-powered two-wheelers. Companies such as Razor, Lime, Bird, Jump, and Spin offering e-scooter sharing services are procuring these vehicles mainly from manufacturers such as Xiaomi, Gogoro, and Ninebot-Segway. These sharing services are witnessing an exponential adoption rate since 2016. Currently, more than 90 cities and various universities globally use this service, with around 95 percent of scooters having an electric drivetrain. Increasing monetary and non-monetary incentives are encouraging the adoption of battery-operated two-wheelers. Moreover, the need for sustainable urban mobility and modern transportation infrastructure is driving the transition from conventional to electric modes of transport. E-scooters are anticipated to have a positive influence on energy security and air quality. The participation of vehicle manufacturers and governments in meeting the standards for zero-emissions is significantly contributing to reduce the carbon emission gap significantly by 2021. Furthermore, the consumption of electricity in these vehicles can be managed with proper energy and power infrastructure planning. This is further mitigated using renewable energy and technological advancements such as solar-powered vehicles and vehicle-to-grid technologies.  Governments across the globe have formulated several policies to increase the penetration of electric scooters by offering various benefits to consumers as well as manufacturers in the form of subsidies. Support in the form of research and development initiatives is also a prominent growth factor. For instance, in the U.S., the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standards are increasing the adoption of energy-efficient automobiles by framing regulations for enhancing the utilization of alternative fuel vehicles and the reduction of fossil fuel consumption. Similarly, the Canadian government is developing a strategy to reduce the country’s greenhouse gas emissions and increase the number of zero-emission vehicles. Besides this, the swift adoption of scooter-sharing services has triggered the demand for battery-powered two-wheelers. This, in turn, creates a highly conducive environment for growth.

The retro segment dominated the market in 2021 with more than 51% revenue share, owing to increasing maintenance and fuel costs that have made electric scooters an attractive transportation alternative. Based on products, the global electric scooters market can be categorized into folding, standing/self-balancing, and retro scooters. Electric transportation is becoming an eco-friendly alternative, amidst the growing pressure to limit carbon footprints.

The folding variant is anticipated to exhibit a CAGR of 10.2% during the forecast period. The introduction of next-generation smart electric scooters with big data and IoT and the need for product differentiation have propelled the growth of the folding scooters market. These scooters have gained prominence in the U.S. as they are free from the initial restrictions of strength and weight. Additionally, the need to revolutionize the increased traffic and mobility has impelled vendors to manufacture folding electric scooters.

Product Insights

The retro segment dominated the market in 2021 with more than 51% revenue share, owing to increasing maintenance and fuel costs that have made electric scooters an attractive transportation alternative. Based on products, the global electric scooters market can be categorized into folding, standing/self-balancing, and retro scooters. Electric transportation is becoming an eco-friendly alternative, amidst the growing pressure to limit carbon footprints. The folding variant is anticipated to exhibit a CAGR of 10.2% during the forecast period. The introduction of next-generation smart electric scooters with big data and IoT and the need for product differentiation have propelled the growth of the folding scooters market. These scooters have gained prominence in the U.S. as they are free from the initial restrictions of strength and weight. Additionally, the need to revolutionize the increased traffic and mobility has impelled vendors to manufacture folding electric scooters.

Regional Insights

Asia Pacific dominated the global electric scooter market and was valued at USD 15.0 billion in 2021. Most electric scooter manufacturers have emerged from China, Japan, and Taiwan, acquiring the largest share globally. China has emerged as a leading consumer and the leading producer and exporter of electric scooters. China is also home to some major players operating in the market, such as AIMA Group, Yadea, Jiangsu Xinri Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Luyuan, and Niu International. Consumers' growing awareness to adopt clean energy transportation to curb vehicular emissions, rapid urbanization, and the growing affordability of e-scooters are driving the electric scooter market in this region. Additionally, the role of governments of several economies, such as China, India, and Japan, in setting up standards and regulations for vehicle charging infrastructure is expected to positively impact regional electric scooter growth. North America is expected to witness the highest CAGR of 12.8% during the forecast period. Growing investment in electric vehicle charging infrastructure and research support for innovative high-density batteries is projected to contribute to overall regional growth. For instance, Revel entered into the U.S. market with an investment of USD 27.6 million and rolled out 68 MUVI electric scooters manufactured by Spanish company Torrot.

Key Companies

Players such as Lime, Govecs AG, and Bird Rides are focused on the launch of last-mile e-scooter rental services in different countries with a joint venture strategy to enlarge their industry footprint globally. Prominent market players are focusing on various growth strategies such as research and development activities, mergers and acquisitions, and the launch of new products to expand their market share. For instance, In October 2021, Ford partnered with the new lab to bring electric vehicle technology to the mobility innovation program. In November 2021, Helbiz launched new standing electric scooters for building a new racing league. Some prominent players in the global electric scooters market include:

• Yadea Technology Group Co., Ltd.

• Jiangsu Xinri E-vehicle Co. Ltd.

• Hero Electric

• Gogoro Inc.

• Vmoto Limited

• BMW Motorrad International

• Mahindra GenZe

• Terra Motors Corporation

Task 2

Customer Needs

• Price: One of the most obvious things, about which Indian consumers are sensitive to date is the price of the item they are purchasing. Price is the first factor that should be considered. Battery Technology is still comparatively expensive in India and so are electric scooters. Some scooters cost over Rs. 1 lakh which makes them unaffordable for a large group of people in the country. Research about the price along with other aspects like on-road price, financing options, tax benefits, etc. to finalize if get a good e-scooter at a favorable price. The average cost of e-scooters are as follows-

  Slow-Speed Electric Scooters- Cost around Rs. 50,000 and preferred for women and kids for small day-to-day tasks.

  High-Speed Electric Scooters- Cost around Rs. 1,00,000 and are meant for commuting long distances.

• Range: Riding range means how far vehicle can go in one full charge. All slow-speed e-scooters give a maximum riding range of 50-70 km. If satisfied with this range, then are good to go, otherwise not. High-speed scooters give a range of 120-200 km. Currently, in the Indian market, we will find scooters that are offering a range of 50 to 150 km on a single battery charge. Understanding the real-world riding range is important. If there are someone who often travels long distances, then go for high-speed scooters that offer a better riding range.
• Battery Life: A battery makes up most of the cost of an electric vehicle. If needed to get battery replaced, they will have to pay more than half of the total cost of an electric scooter. Thus, it is important to check the battery type and its average life expectancy. In almost all-electric vehicles, a lithium-ion battery is used. It is important to find out the battery life guarantee offered by the manufacturer as the cost of replacing the battery is huge. Most manufacturers offer at least 3 years of guarantee/ warranty on the batteries and a normal lithium-ion battery will last for about 6-7 years before it needs replacement. This also depends on how are using vehicle as over-charging, not charging enough, excessive heat/cold, riding style, and other factors can affect the battery life.
• Charging Stations: We can charge e-scooter at home, as companies install a home charging station. But when traveling far distances, we need electric charging stations to recharge the battery power. Hence, recommend to go for the brand that has a good network of electric charging stations. This will allow to charge device on the go if needed. Also check whether scooter supports charging via third-party chargers or a standard wall socket, which would make life much simpler. In India, websites like ChargeList and apps like EV Plugs and Statiq can help locate a charging station near location.
• Charge Time: When the charging drains out, will need time to let the in-built battery recharge. Just like smartphones, e-scooters require time to recharge too. The scooter has to be plugged in and left for a few hours to charge completely. Look for an e-scooter whose charging time is within 7 hours, so can get it charged overnight. If scooter supports fast charging, then it’s even better as can top up the battery even during commute. Scooters like Ather 450 and Bajaj Chetak Electric take 5-6 hours to fully charge. Others can take up to 7 hours or slightly more.
• Performance/Motor Power: Motor Power is very important when it comes to the driving style of an e-scooter. Depending on the rider’s weight and the area where it is to be driven, motor power should be considered carefully. Among the various choices available in India, will have to look at what kind of performance need for scooter. Slow scooters do about 40-50kmph while fast ones give 80-100kmph. If riding style is relaxed and don’t need too much acceleration, opt for lower power e-scooters as they are low cost too. Performance needs are a must to be considered as might end up with an unsatisfactory experience otherwise.
• Power Modes: Different Power Modes in an e-scooter affect the overall range, so look for scooters that come with multiple modes like Eco and Sport. These let choose between the kind of power. For example, if driving in city traffic, can shift into Eco mode wherein the electric scooter will be slow but offer a longer range. With Sport mode, we will get all the performance from the motor, but the range will inevitably be reduced.
• Reliability: It is important to understand how reliable the scooter is in the real world. Reliability depends on factors like charging network, battery life, build quality, etc. If some brand doesn’t have widely spread charging stations, then might be stranded on the road. So make sure the brand offers a good service network.
• Warranty: When it comes to electric scooters, need to check the warranty of the battery, motor, and overall electric scooter. Most manufacturers offer at least 2-3 years of warranty on both the battery and the motor, but there are a few that offer longer period warranties. Make sure purchasing a scooter that offers a long warranty period on the battery and motor.

• Boot Space- Electric scooters can offer more boot space than a normal scooter, sometimes accommodating up to 2 helmets. So check for good boot space.
• Ride ergonomics- This can be analyzed only after have test-driven scooter, make sure of comfortable riding the scooter and check for pillion comfort too.
• Display-Check whether the e-scooter has a normal or LCD with touch input. Certain e-scooters display show GPS navigation, smartphone notifications, and more apart from showing speed, battery life, and distance.
• Riding Modes- Check if the scooter has riding modes to choose from like Eco, Power, and so on.
• Bluetooth connectivity- Bluetooth enables to wirelessly connect smartphone to get the phone’s notifications on the scooter’s display.
• Charging ports- Do check if the e-scooter has at least one charging port under the seat or in the front. This will come in handy as it will allow to charge smartphone or other electric devices.
• Navigation- Some e-scooters come with in-built GPS allowing to get turn-by-turn navigation on the display.

Product development plan 

Main objectives to design or development an e-scooter are as following:-

• To reduce running cost of vehicle
• To reduce the emissions
• To overcome the draw backs of electric vehicle
• To increase life period and efficiency of existing escooters.

Key Components in Electric Scooter

Following are the key components in Electric Scooter:-
1. Battery Charger
2. Battery
3. Motor Controller
4. Motor
5. DC-DC Converter
6. Vehicle Computer and Electronics

The battery is the main energy storage. The battery charger is to convertthe electricity from mains to charge the battery. The battery voltage is DC and current (I) is inverted into switched-mode signal through power electronic controller to drive the motor. The other electronic components in a vehicle can be supplied to the battery through DC-DC converter that step down the voltage from the battery pack tolower voltage such as 5V-20V.

Battery Charger

In order to utilize thebattery toitsmaximumcapacity the battery charger plays a crucial role. The remarkable features of a battery charger are efficiency and reliability, weight and cost, charging time and power density. The characteristics of the charger depend on the components, switching strategies, control algorithms. This control algorithm can be implemented digitally using microcontroller. The charger consists of two stages. First,one is theAC-DC converter with power factor correction which converts the AC grid voltage into DC ensuring high power factor. The later stage regulates the charging current and voltage of the battery according to the charging method employed. The charger can be unidirectional i.e. can only charge the
EV battery from the grid or bidirectional i.e. can charge the battery from the grid in charging mode and can pump the surplus amount of power of the battery into the grid. This is lithium ion battery charger circuit (48v 5A) for 48v 25Ah battery as shown in figure2. The circuit given here is a current limited lithium ion battery charger built around the famous variable voltage regulator IC LM 317. The charging currentdepends on the value of resistor R2. Resistor R3 and POTR4determines the charging voltage. Transformer T1 steps down the mains voltage and bridge D1 does the job of rectification. C1 is the filter capacitor. Diode D1 prevents
the reverse flow of current from the battery when charger is switched OFF or when mains power is not available.

Battery

Batteries are the components that store electrical energy, allowing for the motor ofthe vehicle in question to run.There is already an analysis between different kinds of batteries as seen in the table below, The main materials that allow recharging are nickel cadmium, nickel zinc, nickel metal hydride, and lithium-ion/lithium-polymer, these are respectively listed as NiCd, NiZn, NiMH, and Li-ion/Li-Po on the battery analysis table. Specific energy is energy per unit of mass denotes a lighter battery as the value increases if the energy were to be kept constant.

The battery system is formed by a number of battery cells. They are connected in parallel or series that is according to the design. Each of the cell should be monitoring and regulated. The conditioning monitoring includes the voltage, current andtemperature.The measured  parameters are used to provide the decision parameter for the system control and protection.

Motor Controller

A motor controller is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some predetermined manner of performance of an electric motor. A motor controller mightinclude a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, limiting or regulating the torque, and protecting against overloads and fault. The battery block is interfaced with the motor controller block. The motor controller controls all the functional capabilities and is the central component of the system. The basic requirement for the control is to regulate the amount of power applied to the motor, especially forDC motors. The motor controller can be adjusted to synchronize with other brushless motors. To drive and controlthe BLDC motor,theuseofmotor controller was implemented. The motor controller is an essential device for any motor driven device. The motor controller is analogous to the human brain, processing information and feeding it back to the end user. Of course,the applications of a motor controller vary based on the task that it will be performing. One ofthe simplest applications is a basic switch to supply power to the motor, thus making the motor run. As one utilizes more features in the motor, the complexity of the motor controller increases. Field-Oriented Control (FOC) or sine wave vector controller is an important technology for motor systems, particularly those using permanent magnets (PM). In general, FOC provides an efficient way to control BLDC motor in adjustable speed drive applications that have quickly changing loads and can improve the power efficiency of an BLDC motor.

BLDC Hub Motor

The use of the permanent magnets(PM) in electrical machines in place of electromagnetic excitation results in
many advantages such as no excitation losses, simplified construction, improved efficiency, fast dynamic performance and high torque or power per unit volume. A brushless dc (BLDC) motor is a synchronous electric motor which is powered bydirect current electricity (DC) and which has as electronically controlled commutation system,instead of a mechanical commutation system based on brushes. In such motors, current andtorque, voltage andrpmare linearly related. In BLDC motor the electromagnets do not move, instead the permanent magnets rotate and the armature remains static. The construction of modern brushless dc motor is very similar to the ac motor, known as permanent magnet synchronous motor. Figure3 illustrates the structure
of a typical three phase brushless dc motor. The stator windings are similar to those in a poly phase ac motor, and the rotor is composed of one or more permanent magnets. Brushless dc motors are different from ac synchronous motors in that the former incorporates some means to detect the rotor position or (magnetic poles) to produce signals to control the electronic switches. The most common position/pole sensor is thehall element, but some motors use optical sensors.

DC-DC Controller

A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that converts a source of direct
current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a type of electric power converter. The different configurations of EV power supply show that at least one DC/DC converter is necessary to interface the FC (frequency controller), the Battery or the Supercapacitors module to the DC-link. In electric engineering, a DC to DC converter is a category of power converters and itis an electric circuit which converts a ource of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another, by storing the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the output at a different voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components (inductors, transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors).DC/DC converters can be designed to transfer power in only one direction, from the input to the output.However, almost all DC/DC converter topologies can be made bi-directional. A bi-directional converter can move power in either direction, which is useful in applications requiring regenerative braking. The amount of power flow between the input and the output can be controlled by adjusting the duty cycle (ratio of on/off time of the switch). Usually, this is done to control the output voltage, the input current, the output current, or to maintain a constant power.
Transformer-based converters may provide isolation between the input and the output. The main drawbacks of
switching converters include complexity, electronic noise and high cost for some topologies.

System Operation

Basically, electric motor drive circuit has DC brushless controller of 48Vwhich is powered by the battery of capacity 48V through MCB (miniature circuitbreaker).The function of MCB is protect the circuit under over current/over voltage condition. The controller supply in a specified sequence is given to motor by controller. The hall effect sensor connected at the shaft of BLDC motor which gives signal to the controller and thus respective windings get energized as per position of motor shaft. The throttle or speed changer handle
bar is connected electrically to the controller.Hence, variable speed can be obtained by accelerating the bar. Also, the braking systemis connectedelectrically tocontroller. As soon as brakes are applied, it will open the circuit and then battery is disconnected from motor causes motor speed reduction and in a specified time, motor will stop.

Task 3

Work Breakdown Structure

Power Source Design

• WP-1 PSD
• Microcontroller Design

Software

Security System

• WP-1 SS
• WP-2-SS

Operating System

• WP-1 OS
• WP-2-OS

Hardware

Memory System

• WP-1 MS
• WP-2-MS

Circuit Board

• Cost Account
• WP-1-CB
• WP-2-CB

Electrical Design

WP-1-ED

Programming and Coding

WP-1 PC

Testing

• Battery Testing
• Durability Test
• WP-1 DT
• Safety Test
• WP-1 ST
• Microcontroller Testing
• Software Test
• WP-1 SWT
• Hardware Test
• WP-1 HWT

Documentation

• Standard Operating Specification
• WP-1 SOS
• System Requirement Specification (SRS)
• WP-1 SRS
• System Installation Guidance
• WP-1 SIG
• System Design Specification
• Battery
• WP-1 SDSB
• Solar Panel
• WP-1 SDSSP
• Microcontroller
• WP-1 SDSMC
• Source Code
• WP-1 SC

Developing

• Cost Account
• WP-1 DVL
• WP-2 DVL
• WP-3 DVL

Operation Breakdown

• Project Manager
• Development Leader
• Quality Surveyor
• Development Assistant
• Research and Testing Leader
• Electronic Engineer
• Chemical Engineer
• Software Engineer
• Document Team Leader
• Admin
• Document Specialist

Physical Breakdown

Electronics
a) Batteries
i) Main battery for drive system
ii) Optional: battery for Arduino and/or PV
b) Converters
i) Converter for motor
(1) 3-phase H-bridge
(2) Gate driver
ii) Optional: converter for Arduino and/or PV
c) Motor controller
i) Arduino
d) Motor
i) Casing
ii) Magnets
iii) Windings
iv) Bearings
e) Solar panel
f) Sensors
i) Bicycle speed sensor
ii) Option 1: pedaling force sensor
iii) Option 2: pedaling torque sensor
iv) Option 3: pedaling speed (cadence) sensor
v) Optional: motor current sensor
vi) Optional: motor speed sensor
g) AI system
i) SD card and reader (for data storage)
ii) AI processor

Mechanical parts
a) Fastening for components, wires and sensors
b) Protective casings

Electric motor assisted transportation
a) Manually controlled propulsion
b) Pedal assisted propulsion
i) Option 1: control by pedaling force
ii) Option 2: control by pedaling torque
iii) Option 3: control by pedaling speed
4) Optional: Solar powered functions (e.g. bike lighting or battery charging)
5) Optional: Regenerative braking charging
6) “Smart” features and AI

7)Propulsion system
8) Control system
9) Optional: PV-system
10) AI-system
a) Data acquisition system
b) AI processing system

Task 4

Failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) of the electric scooter

DFMEA is a disciplined analysis of the part design with intent to correct or prevent the design based failure modes prior to first production. First of all, all the components of the electric-karts are identified and its relation with other components. After that, all possible potential failure modes of the components were found out. It is followed by identifying their effect on the component & its relative component and the vehicle as a whole. The severity rank, likelihood of occurrence rank and detection rank are given to each failure mode (1-10) based on certain criteria. The product of these three ranks will give risk priority number for the failure. It is a numeric assessment of risk assigned to a failure mode.

RPN=severity ranking*likelihood of occurrence*likelihood of detection.

Then, a graph of risk priority number for each point is plotted starting from highest RPN to lowest one in
descending order. This graph helps to identify the part on which we have to focus more whilE designing.  Severity shows the consequences a failure method. It considers the worst potential consequence of a failure of the kart. It is rated between 1 i.e., no effect to 10 i.e. extreme hazardous. Likelihood of detection shows how likely the control will detect the failure mode. Similarly, it is rated from 1 i.e. almost certain to 10 i.e. absolute uncertainty.

Table 1: severity effects with its rating and description

Table 2: likelihood of occurrence of the failure mode with its ranking and rating

 Table 3: likelihood of detection of failure mode with its definition and ranking

Fault Tree Analysis

The fault tree analysis is a top-down, deductive analysis structured in terms of events rather than components. The top events of the continuously variable transmission (CVT) system are classified into two categories. One is the failure of CVT itself. It is defined as that the CVT cannot perform well to transmit required torques. Replacements of component are usually needed for this kind of failure. The other category of top events is the decrease of transmission efficiency that will result in bad quality and induce complains from the customers. For this category, we can identify several top events including shift of performance curve, flutter induced noise, decrease of transmission efficiency, etc. The performance curve named herein indicates how engine’s revolution speed varies as the scooter changes its cruise speed.

Various severity classifications may be used. In practice, a severity classification is assigned to each failure mode to be used as a basis for ranking corrective actions. In the present study, the severity is classified into the following five categories:

• Category I: Catastrophic. It indicates the CVT system cannot function anymore.
• Category II: Critical. It indicates the decrease of transmission efficiency of the CVT system.
• Category III: Marginal. It indicates that component failure affects lives of other components
  and/or decreases the transmission efficiency of the system.
• Category IV: Negligible. It indicates the occurrence of minor failure that has little effect on the
  system performance.
• Category V: No-effect. It indicates that component failure has no effect on the system.

The fault tree analysis s=diagram is attached below.

Task 5

For the electric scooter designed, areas of potential design improvements that are compliant with design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA). The electric scooter was chosen in this engineering design project.

• The initial problem for designing this project is to design the product that was not similar to the current market. 
• Design a solution to tackle the existing pollution problems with a Li-Ion powered scooter. 
• Existing vehicles having so many problems towards the environment. 
• Replacing them with more efficient and durable electric vehicles could be a possible alternative. 
• This will be achieved by designing a compact, portable, easy to use EV.

The hub motor which is been used for the project. The wheel hub motor (also called wheel motor, wheel hub drive, hub motor or in-wheel motor) is an electric motor that is incorporated into the hub of a wheel and drives it directly. Hub motor electromagnetic fields are supplied to the stationary windings of the motor. The outer part of the motor follows, or tries to follow, those fields, turning the attached wheel. In a brushed motor, energy is transferred by brushes contacting the rotating shaft of the motor. Energy is transferred in a brushless motor electronically, eliminating physical contact between stationary and moving parts. Although brushless motor technology is more expensive, most are more efficient and longer-lasting than brushed motor systems. A hub motor typically is designed in one of three configurations. Considered least practical is an axialflux motor, where the stator windings are typically sandwiched between sets of magnets. The other two
configurations are both radial designs with the motor magnets bonded to the rotor; in one, the inner rotation
motor, the rotor sits inside the stator, as in a conventional motor. 

The main frame or the chassis is the core structure which holds all the systems of the scooter. Thus, this being the most crucial part, it is to be designed and manufactured first. This process was initiated from a basic 2-D sketch of the frame which should accommodate the power unit, motor controller and all other electrical  components.

For the whole construction of the chassis on electric scooters, only one type of the materials for all of the
parts in the chassis is chosen. This is because the materials that are to be used for all of the parts in the
chassis are exactly the same. The materials must be the best in properties of strength, cost, green product and formability. From the comparison of each of these properties, the selected material for fabricating the
frame is mild steel.

Pipe bending is any metal forming processes used to permanently form pipes or tubing. Pipe bending may be form-bound or use free formbending procedures, and it may use heat supported or cold forming procedures. A tube can be bent in multiple directions and angle to use Lithium Ion cells and to construct a battery pack.

In order to constraint the battery pack and the motor controller, C shaped plates are welded under the
mainframe. These plates are made up of sheet metal and are bended in C shape so that the battery restes on the plates. The plates are made up of Mild Steel. Plates are manufactured by laser cutting and sheet metal bending.

Belly Pan is attached below the main body frame. It is used to enclose all the electrical components for safety
purposes. Mainly batteries, motor controller and the circuit is accommodated in the belly pan making it a
crucial part in the scooter. The belly can be manufactured with steel, carbon fiber, sheet metal and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP). According to project FRP was the best suitable material. The molding processes of FRP plastics begins by placing the fibre preform on or in the mold. The fibre preform can be dry fibre, or fibre that already contains a measured amount of resin called "prepreg". Dry fibres are "wetted" with resin either by hand or the resin is injected into a closed mold. The part is then cured, leaving the matrix and fibres in the shape created by the mold. Heat and/or pressure are sometimes used to cure the resin and improve the
quality of the final part shows FRP moulded belly pan.

Base Plate is bolted on the main frame. It also covers the power unit and electrical components from above 
making it more secure. This makes the power unit damage proof from all the possible sides. This plate is
manufactured in Aluminum making it lightweight and durable in order to sustain the weight of the rider on it.
This plate is first laser cut and then bended into the required shape shows base plate made out of aluminum.

Cons set is an essential part of any vehicle when it comes to turning. This cone set is manufactured on the
Lathe machine. Material selected is Mild Steel. This part consists of bearings inside it. This bearing makes it very smooth in turning the handle in the desired direction using very little force. In order to withstand axial loads acting on it through the front wheel, thrust bearing is selected.

Type: - bell crank actuated spring damper Suspension is a very important part regarding the comfort of the
rider as well as the parts. It also helps in maintaining the contact between tyre and road. This part consists of
a spring and damper. In this we have used a bell crank instead of a fork mechanism for the actuation of the
suspension. Bell crank mechanism is used to vary the motion ratio and adjust the travel of the springs. 

e-scooters contribute about half the amount of emissions to that of the average car. Unfortunately, that is about has good as it gets. If the trip made by e-scooter would normally be travelled by car, then yes, that is a significant improvement. However, if that journey would normally be travelled by foot or bicycle, unfortunately the e-scooter is not the most sustainable option. Even compared to public transport, if measured by passenger-mile travelled (ie. of a bus loaded with multiple people), the bus wins out. In short, the findings by suggesting the following three improvements if claims of e-scooters’ environmental benefits are to be taken seriously:

1. Longer product lifetimes
2. Reduced material burdens
3. Reduced collection and distribution impacts

One factor that is largely overlooked by companies’ improvements is the collection and redistribution of the scooters. Every day, various scooters need to be collected, charged overnight, and then redistributed throughout the city, a process that still seems riddled with inefficiencies. Given that the independent contractors that collect the vehicles are paid per scooter and charge them in their own home, it is effectively a competition between collectors to gather as many as possible, by whatever means possible. Herein lies another large chunk of the carbon footprint of e-scooters.

Source: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/electric-scooters-market

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i5/IRJET-V7I578.pdf

https://www.coursehero.com/file/63708564/WORK-BREAKDOWN-STRUCTUREdocx/

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i6/IRJET-V7I6288.pdf

https://ijret.org/volumes/2017v06/i07/IJRET20170607009.pdf