Project 1 - Design and Develop a IOT based Wireless Wearable Health Monitoring System or a Home Healthcare System to monitor the physiological parameters of ECG, Heart Rate, Pulse Oximetry, Cuffless Blood Pressure and Body Temperature.

Name

Smart Healthify Watch

Introduction

Wearable technology is any kind of electronic device designed to be worn on the user's body. Such devices can take many different forms for medical devices. Here we are designing a wearable watch which is worn on wrist of a person and it monitors the physical health parameters to acquire ECG, Heart Rate, Pulse Oximeter, Blood Presure and Body Temperature.

Patient monitoring is a pivotal part of the health care system nowadays, either at hospitals or at home. This paper proposes an intelligent patient monitoring system that automatically screens the patient’s health condition through various sensors. The data is then processed using a Raspberry Pi and useful information is saved to the IoT cloud. Primarily the system would be extracting the bio signal, ECG using an ECG sensor. Through continuous monitoring and graphical representation of the patient’s information can remotely check the patient’s condition. Furthermore, if the condition becomes critical, a notification is sent to the doctor/nurse/relative to inform them and either party will have the opportunity to start a video call.

Specifications

• On-board Sensors: Light, Temperature, Pressure, Acceleration, Acoustic, and Magnetic
• Microcontroller: 8bit Central Processing Unit (CPU) MPR2400 based on ATMEL Atmega 128L architecture, 8MHz
• Onboard Memory: 2 kB of RAM, 1 kB of ROM, flash memory of 32 kB
• Onboard Communication: Wireless Radio, 250 kbps, 400 MHz–2.4 GHz, DS-SS (ZigBee), 100m range
• Onboard Operating System: Raspberry Pi, Arduino Uno
• Power Supply: 2.5 A, Lithium Battery
• USB cable
• 5V micro USB
• Arduino UNO
• Pulse sensor/ Heartbeat sensor
• Temperature sensor
• ESP8266
• LCD display

The hardware components are connected to the Raspberry Pi, which is in turn connected to the computer. The Components used in the system can be partitioned into 2 parts: hardware and software components. The block diagram is attached below.

Hardware Used

The hardware components used in the system are Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, Raspberry Pi Camera Module, Arduino Uno and single lead heart rate monitor (AD8232). The Raspberry Pi acts as a small computer and
consists of 40 GPIO pins that can be used for connecting with input and output devices. Furthermore, it also has wireless LAN connection and Bluetooth which can be used to transfer data to and from other devices and websites. The Raspberry Pi Camera Module is used to monitor the patient continuously. The Raspberry Pi Camera Module also streams a video of the current physical state of the patient. The main sensor that is being used is the single lead heart rate monitor (AD8232) that measures ECG signal. An Arduino Uno is being used to transfer the data from the heart rate monitor to the Raspberry Pi. Additionally, a temperature Sensor (DS18B20) is used to measure the body temperature. The current values of these monitoring variables of the patient are simultaneously displayed in an LCD display. There is a push switch for sending notifications, mobile and power supply to run the Raspberry Pi. A mobile is connected to the Raspberry Pi through which the code of the system is executed.

Software Used

The software used as the primary programming language to code in the Raspberry Pi is Python. The python 2 version is used since it has more resources and libraries. Modules like pandas, numpy, biosppy, urllib and etc.
are used to process the data and visualize it. Along with python, arduino programming language is used for the arduino and HTML, CSS, PHP is used for making the website. ThingSpeak IoT cloud is used to save the data continuously. For the video streaming service, RPi-Cam-Web-Interface is used which is a web interface for the raspberry pi camera module.

Arduino

Arduino collects real-time health data from a pulse sensor that measures heart rate in minutes or BPM (beats per minute). An Arduino digital temperature sensor measures the patient's body temperature. One temperature sensor is connected to Arduino to measure room temperature so that we can adjust the room temperature according to our health and body temperature, and we use a humidity sensor to measure the humidity in the area so that it does not affect health of teh person. The standard ESP8266 IoT module connects to Arduino via UART, is responsible for connecting the machine to the internet and sending health data to the IoT (Thingspeak) server for storage and monitoring. This region can not only send patient health data to the server but can also display real-time data on an LCD display. This is helpful for health care professionals who actively monitor the patient on site. The board contains other items such as serial connection, crystal oscillator, voltage regulator etc. It contains 2 kB of RAM, 1 kB of ROM, flash memory of 32 kB and can be easily formatted with opensource Arduino IDE software.

The technical specifications of Arduino are

Specifications	Value
MCU	8 bit ATmega328P
Input/Output	14xDIO
Frequency	16 MHz
ADC Pin	6x10 Bit
Operating Voltage	5V
IO Current	40 mA
Program Memory	32kB
WiFi	-

Pulse/Heartbeat Sensor

Heartbeat is the rate of the соntrасtiоn of heart per minute. The unit оf heart beat is bрm. The normal heart beat оf human being is саlled sinus rhythm. The sinus rhythm is frоm 60 bрm tо 100 bрm deрending uроn the рhysiсаl needs аnd асtivities оf the bоdy.

The heartbeat is detected by the reflection of the light emitted by the green LED on the APDS-9008 light sensor. The low pass filter used at the output of the light sensor clears the signal from high frequency noise. After the output of the filter, the signal is amplified by the MCP-6001 Op-Amp. The analog signal from this amplifier has a frequency of 0.5 Hz to 4 Hz.

The heаrt rhythm is the exсhаnge оf sоdium аnd роtаssium iоns. The sоdium аnd роtаssium iоns саn be сhаnge with vаriоus fасtоr suсh аs hyроnаtremiа (lоw sоdium iоns соnсentrаtiоn), hyроkаlemiа (lоw роtаssium iоns соnсentrаtiоn), hyроthermiа (lоw bоdy temperature), hyроxiа (lоw оxygen suррly tо the bоdy) аnd асidоsis (lоw Р vаlue with high соnсentrаtiоn оf hydrоgen iоns). These mentiоned fасtоr саn саuse the heаrt rhythm. Heаrtbeаt rhythm shоuld соunt in оrder tо рrоteсt the humаn beings frоm the mentiоned fасtоrs. The heаrt rаte саn be meаsured with helр оf wrist heаrt beаt mоnitоr аnd heаrt beаt sensоr. Heаrt beаt sensоr in deviсe thаt is used tо meаsure the heаrt rhythm оf humаn bоdy. Heаrt beаt саn be meаsured in аny раrt оf the bоdy suсh аs index оf fоre finger, wrist оf hаnd neсk, elbоw аnd tоes оf feet.

Temperature Sensor

The LM35 is a temperature sensor and is a well-integrated heat-resistant heat exchanger with Celcius temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over Kelvin's limited direct temperature sensors, as the user does not have to emit large, uninterruptible power outages for easy Celcius measurements. The LM35 device does not require external measurement or cutting to provide normal details of ± ¼ ° C at room temperature and ± ¾ ° C in addition to the full temperature range of −55°C to 150°C.

ESP8266

ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip, with built-in TCP/IP networking software, and microcontroller capability. It can be a very simple and cheap tool for net production. The module will work individually as an
Associated Objective access point (can display hotspot) and as a channel (can connect to Wi-Fi), where it will simply download information and transfer it to the web creating a Web of things as simple as accessibility. It can also download information from the web exploitation API where any project can access any information available on the web, so it builds smarter. Another interesting feature of this module is that it is often programmed to exploit Arduino IDE which makes it easy to use a lot.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth uses the frequency band 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz, which is often used in short distance communications applications. The communication distance between Bluetooth modules is usually between 10 m and 20 m.

The technical specifications of HC-06 Bluetooth are

Specifications	Value
Bluetooth Protocol	Bluetooth 2.0+EDR
Communication frequency	2.4 GHz
Precision	≤ -80 dBm.
Output Power	-4 / +6 dBm.
Asynchronous Speed	2.1MBps/160 KBps.
Synchronous Speed	1 MBps/1 MBps.
Frequency	16 MHz
Operating voltage	Operating voltage

Working Process

In this system, Raspberry Pi is the central device that connects the input and output devices. Primarily, the single Lead heart monitor is used to measure the ECG (Electrocardiogram) signal of a patient by placing electrodes on the right arm, left arm and right leg of the patient. The data is send to the Arduino Uno which in turn transfers it to the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi then plots the data on a graph. Additionally, the heart rate per minute is measured from the ECG plot. Furthermore, the axillary temperature is measured using a Digital Temperature sensor by placing it under the arm of the patient. This data is sent to the Raspberry Pi and
displayed on a LCD. The continuous monitoring data of a patient is saved to an IOT cloud and to the database of a website from the Raspberry Pi. Both are being used so that one can act as a backup to another in the event that any one of them fails. As ThingSpeak is being used as the IoT cloud alongside a custom made website. If the heart rate goes below 60bpm or above 100bpm, a SMS notification is send to a predefined individual which can be a nurse, doctor or relative. Similarly, if the body temperature is below 36°C or above
38°C a notification is send. The SMS notification is send through the website using a bulk SMS API service. Since patient monitoring systems are already very expensive, this mechanism, which is cheaper, is used instead of a GSM module. In case of an emergency, the patient presses a push switch when they are feeling uncomfortable and the system sends a SMS notification just like before. However, in this case, alongside the SMS, a video call is made to the predefined individual so that they can see for themselves the condition of the patient. Furthermore, other users with the correct authorization will be able to live stream the current
condition of the patient through the website. Both the video call and live streaming would be done using a Raspberry Pi Camera Module which will be placed close to the patient. The location information of the GPS module which is the unit of mobile phones can be used by the Blynk application. During emergency, the application will send the patient's location information to the family members and his/her doctor as a notification. The cloud and website displays graphs of all the variables over time so that trends could be detected for each patient. Finally, the power is supplied through a 2.5A power supply using 5V micro USB.

Algorithm

The algorithm of the system is attached below.

The system initializes by taking the input from the Digital Temperature sensor and ECG sensor to read temperature and ECG signal. Then the system calculates the heart rate of the patient from the ECG signal and updates the readings in the cloud. The data is processed in the cloud and then each parameter is visualized through graphs. The system checks the readings of each parameter against the optimal values. If any of the readings is found to be above or below the optimal value, the system sends a SMS notification to the
predefined individual. Furthermore, the individual can start a video stream from the website to see the physical condition of the patient. Also the patient can press a push button to send a SMS notification to the individual.

Representation of Results

LM35D temperature sensor that we used to measure the patient's temperature. Hheartbeat sensor measures the heart rate by measuring the back light LED hitting the back on the light sensor on the front side.The system works perfectly with the above mentioned setup. All sensors were connected to the analogue pins. All the sensors provide a power difference based on the input parameter and these power variables were converted to output, the output of the LM35 sensor was converted to a temperature by degrees Celsius and the output of the DIY pulse sensor was converted to a heart rate in BPM (beats per minute). It will take continuous data from ECG sensor and digital temperature sensor and stores the values in the cloud and heart rate that is derived from the ECG signal. Graphs are generated in cloud from the readings taken from the sensors. It also analyses the values of the temperature and heart rate to set the value of the notification parameter to either 0 or 1. Result of the heartbeat are marked in the form of spikes. As per the notification value of the latest entry, the website sends SMS to the designated person in case of emergencies. The individuals can login to the website and view the profile of the patient, the previous reports of any tests and access the cloud only to see the condition of the patient as represented in graphs with the sensor input values. A person is also able to start a video stream to monitor the physical condition of the patient through the pi camera. IoT Monitoring System is designed to monitor patient’s health parameters remotely. It uses Raspberry Pi as a gateway to view the value of heath parameters online. Result showed that the design is capable to transfer data from detector through the network using USB TTL serial cable which is directly attached to the Raspberry Pi. User can also view the readings continuously from Telegram application and email service. Furthermore, the system can measure the values accurately when user is in sitting position.

The graphical representation of body temperature, heart rate, ECG is attached below.

Data Encryption and Security

Internet of things is the latest booming innovation in the current period, which lets the physical entity to process and intervene with the virtual entities. As all the entities relate to each other, it generates load of data, which lacks proper security and privacy standards. Cryptography is one of the domains of Network Security, which is one such mechanism that helps the data transmission process to be secure enough over the wireless or wired channel and along with that, it provides authenticity, confidentiality, integrity of data and prevents repudiation. In this paper, we have proposed an alternate enhanced cryptographic solution combing the characteristic of symmetric, asymmetric encryption algorithms and Public Key Server. Here, the key pairs
of end points (User’s Device and IoT device) are generated using Elliptic Curve Cryptography and the respective public keys are registered in Public Key Server along with their unique MAC address. Thereafter, both the ends will agree on one common private secret key, which will be the base for further cryptographic process using AES algorithm. This model can be called as multi-phase protection mechanism. It will make the process of data transmission secure enough that no intermediate can tamper the data. The Public Key Server dealing with Public Keys were generated using ECC or Elliptic Curve Cryptography. ECC is an asymmetric cryptography algorithm, which is entirely computed on the algebraic complexity of elliptic curve over finite fields. Rather than implementing conventional key generation technique as the output of two primes, ECC generates Keys using the curve’s degree of point. Even in blockchain implementations, ECC is used to generate Private and Public Key pairs. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a block cipher algorithm based on symmetric key and it is a standard for best secure and classified cryptographic process. AES comprises of three fixed size 128-bit block ciphers along with key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits. Key size is unlimited, whereas the block size maximum is 256 bits. The AES design is based on a substitution-permutation network (SPN) and does not use the Data Encryption Standard (DES) Feistel network.

Launching the Product

Defining target audience gives direction in product marketing, facilitates more consistency in messaging and allows you to authentically connect with customers. Getting in the mind of target audience and understand where the best place to reach them is and how they will interpret. As the product is related to health parameters, the audience should be given the glimpse of how it works and what are the advantages of using it. Nowadays almost everybody is health conscious and inserting of features to monitor physiological parameters like ECG, Heart Rate, Pulse Oximetry, Cuffless Blood Pressure and Body Temperature, etc. as well as counting steps and calories burnt gives added advantage to sell the product. The buying process forms the foundation of all marketing and sales activities. We need to have an intimate understanding of the buyer’s pain points, where they get their information and who influences the purchase. After completion of all the testing and certification, the product is launched in the market. Manual book should be given in hardware or software format along with specifications so that the audience gets a better understanding of the features and working of the product. Data security and privacy plays a very important role and the customers should be assured and proven that their data will be protected and tehy are in safe hands.

Certification

Thhere is a deep understanding of IoT device certification from process introduction to product acceptance. Each IoT device is unique, and ability to successfully navigate the certification path is unrivaled. With an in depth understanding of IoT device and targeted regions for deployment, we can define the certification requirements for devices simplifying a challenging process. Service offerings for IoT device testing and certification covering the hardware, software, safety testing, FCC, ISED, RED, Operator acceptance, GCF, PTCRB, etc. IoT device designers just need to know and follow certain rules and guidelines and be aware that all wireless communications devices have to conform to regulations and standards to ensure safe and reliable operation as well as interoperability. Despite this, the majority of newly designed IoT devices still fail certification at the first attempt, which can have a serious impact on costs and time to market.