Project 2
AIM:
The task of this project is to quantify the improvement in fuel economy numbers for the hybrid vehicle (kmpl), compared to the conventional vehicle, on the urban cycle (UDDS) and highway cycle (HWFET). Also, to analyze and understand the vehicle operating points in terms of engine and motor speed, torque, transmission speeds, pedal positions, gear, distance traveled, battery voltage, current, SoC etc.
OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of the project is to add an Another power source to convenctional ICE vehicle. The additional propulsion system is nothing but the Electric motor. The devlopment of vehicle with these two power sources is known as hybrid vehicle. In this project the hybrid model is devloped and tested for two drive cycles UDDS and HWFET. In addition to that compare some vehicle parameters how it is different for differeent cycles.
THEROY:
FOR UDDS CYCLE
The initial coding of Hybrid Electricalvehicle for UDDS cycle
%% Vehicle Parameters
M = 1500; % Vehicle weight [kg]
Cr = 0.015; % Rolling resistance coefficient
Rw = 0.35; % Rolling radius [m]
Cd = 0.33; % Drag coefficient
Af = 2; % Frontal area [m2]
rhoa = 1.225; % Air density [kg/m3]
Vwind = 0; % Wind velocity [kmph]
g = 9.81; % Gravitational acceleration [m/s2]
theta = 0; % Slope [deg]
myu_road_tire = 1; % Coefficient of friction between tire - road interface
%% Powertrain Parameters
FDR = 3.73; % Final Drive Ratio / Diff Ratio
DiffEff = 0.99; % Differential efficiency (assumed independent of operating conditions)
NumGear = 4; % Number of gears in transmission
TransGear = 1:NumGear; % Transmission Gears
TransRatio = [3.06, 1.62, 1, 0.7]; % Corresponding Transmission ratios
TransEff = 0.90; % Transmission efficiency (assumed independent of operating conditions)
TC_SR = [0, .5, .6, .7, .8, .87, .92, .94, .96, .97, 1]; % Torque Converter Speed Ratio (Matlab default) -> TurbSpd/PumpSpd
TC_TR = [2.232, 1.5462, 1.4058, 1.2746, 1.1528, 1.0732, 1.0192, 1, 1, 1, 1]; % Torque Converter Torque Ratio (Matlab default) -> TurbTrq/PumpTrq
TC_Cf = 1e-4 * [.72558, .66322, .63463, .59042, .51331, .4144, .29287, .22444, .12186, .04386, 0]; % Torque Converter Capacity Factor (Matlab default) -> PumpTrq/PumpSpd^2 [Nm/rpm^2]
load Vehicle_Data/Engine_data_1_9L_Saturn_95kW
load Vehicle_Data/Trans_Shift_map
load Vehicle_Data/EM_Honda_Insight_10kW
load Vehicle_Data/ESS_NiMH6
ESS_init_soc = 0.8;
ESS_soc_max = 0.9;
ESS_soc_min = 0.6;
%% Driver Parameters
Kp = 10; % P gain for driver PI model
Ki = 1; % I gain for driver PI model
Drive_Cycle_Select = 1; % Drive cycle selection
% Drive cycle values in m/s
if Drive_Cycle_Select == 1
load DriveCycles/UDDS;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 2
load DriveCycles/HWFET;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 3
load DriveCycles/FTP;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 4
load DriveCycles/US06;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 5
load DriveCycles/NEDC;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 6
load DriveCycles/WLTP;
end
time_end = cyc_time(end);
vel_end = cyc_vel(end);simulink model for Hybrid Electrical vehivcle
SUBSYSTEMS UNDER CONTROLLER SUBSYSTEMS UNDER POWERTRAIN
* Enigine controller unit * Battery
* Emotor controller unit * Emotor
* Transmission controller unit * Engine
* Brake controller unit * Transmission, differential, Wheel
PROCESSING FILE
% Description:
% The following file is to used with the Initialization file and Simulink
% results for post-processing of the data.
% The file is incomplete, has some examples of how the data is imported
% into a readable format, data analysis and plotting examples.
% Based on the project task, use commands in a similar format as given
% below, to analyse the data and generate required plots.
% You can change variable names if desired
%% Post-Processing File
% File for post-processing the Conventional vehicle simulation model data
%% Renaming variables
Time = out.tout;
Acc_Pdl = out.Acc_Pdl; % Accelerator pedal [%]
Brk_Pdl = out.Brk_Pdl; % Brake pedal [%]
Gear_Cmd = out.Gear_Cmd; % Transmission gear
Trans_In_Spd = out.Trans_In_Spd*30/pi; % Transmission input speed [rpm]
Trans_Out_Spd = out.Trans_Out_Spd*30/pi;% Transmission output speed [rpm]
Eng_Trq = out.Eng_Trq; % Engine brake torque [Nm]
Eng_Spd = out.Eng_Spd*30/pi; % Engine speed [rpm]
Eng_Fuel_Consump = out.Eng_Fuel_Consumption; % Engine fuel consumption [g]
Veh_Dist = out.Veh_Dist/1000; % Distance traveled by vehicle [km]
Veh_Spd = out.Veh_Spd*18/5; % Vehicle speed [kmph]
EM_Spd = out.EM_Spd; % EMotor speed
EM_Trq = out.EM_Trq; % Emotor Torque
ElecPwr = out.ElecPwr; % Electrical power
pack_current =out.pack_Current; % pack current
soc= out.soc; % state of cherge
term_volt = out.term_volt; % Terminal voltage
%% Data Analysis
Eng_Pwr = Eng_Spd.*pi./30.*Eng_Trq./1000; % Engine brake power [kW]
rho_petrol = 0.7197; % Density of petrol [kg/L]
kmpl = Veh_Dist(end)/(Eng_Fuel_Consump(end)/1000/rho_petrol); % Fuel economy [kmpl]
%% Plotting vehicle characteristics time trace
figure()
subplot(3,1,1)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time, Acc_Pdl, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'black');
plot(Time, Brk_Pdl, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'red');
ylabel('Pedal [%]')
xlim([0, Time(end)]);
legend('Accel','Brake');
subplot(3,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time, Trans_In_Spd, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'black');
plot(Time, Trans_Out_Spd, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'red');
ylabel('Speed [rpm]')
xlim([0, Time(end)]);
ylim([0, 6000]);
legend('Trans Input','Trans Output');
subplot(3,1,3)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time, Gear_Cmd, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'black');
xlim([0, Time(end)]);
xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('Gear');
%% Plotting engine operating points on engine fuel map
figure('Name','Engine Operating Points');
hold on
grid on
title('Engine Operating Points','fontsize',12);
p1=plot(Eng_map_spd*30/pi,Eng_max_trq,'linewidth',2,'color','r');
p2=line([Eng_map_spd(end)*30/pi Eng_map_spd(end)*30/pi],[0 Eng_max_trq(end)]);
set(p2,'linewidth',1,'linestyle','--','color','k');
p3=line([Eng_map_spd(1)*30/pi Eng_map_spd(1)*30/pi],[0 Eng_max_trq(1)]);
set(p3,'linewidth',1,'linestyle','--','color','k');
[c,h] = contour(Eng_map_spd'*30/pi,Eng_map_trq,Eng_fuel_map');
clabel(c,h);
xlabel('Engine Speed [rpm]');
ylabel('Engine Torque [Nm]');
title('Engine Fuel Consumption Map [g/s]');
p4 = plot(Eng_Spd,Eng_Trq,'.','color','k');
legend([p1 p4],{'Max Curve','Operating Points'});
axis([Eng_map_spd(1)*30/pi Eng_map_spd(end)*30/pi 0 Eng_map_trq(end)]);
%% VEHICLE DYNAMICS
figure('name','Vehicle Dynamics');
subplot(2,1,1)
hold on
grid on
title('Time vs Veh_spd')
plot(Time,Veh_Spd);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('VEHICLE SPEED');
legend('TIME','VEHICLE SPEED');
subplot(2,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,Veh_Dist);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('VEHICLE DISTANCE')
legend('TIME' , 'VEHICLE SPEED');
%% ELECTRICAL MOTOR CHARACTERSTICS
figure('Name','E_MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS')
subplot(3,1,1)
hold on
grid on
title('time vs Emotor speed')
plot(Time,EM_Spd);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('EMOTOR SPEED')
legend('TIME','EM_Spd');
subplot(3,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,EM_Trq);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('TORQUE')
legend('TIME,EMOTOR TORQUE')
subplot(3,1,3)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,ElecPwr);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('Elec_pwr')
legend('TIME,Elec_PWR')
%% BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS
figure('Name','BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS')
subplot(3,1,1)
hold on
grid on
title('time vs pack_current')
plot(Time,pack_current);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('PACK CURRENT')
legend('TIME,PACK CURRENT');
subplot(3,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,soc);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('SOC')
legend('TIME,SOC')
subplot(3,1,3)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,term_volt);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('TERM_VOLT')
legend('TIME,TERM_VOLT')RESULTS:
Engine characterstics plotting
such as Accelaration, Brake, Transmission input speed, Transmission output speed, Gear.
Fuel comnsumption plotting
Vehicle parameters
In this plot Vehicle speed and vehicle distance with respective to time.
Electrical motor characterstics
In this plot the Emotor speed, torque and Electrical power are with respective to time.
BATTERY CAPACITY CHARACTERSTICS
In this plot pack current ,state of charge and Terminal voltage is plotted with respective to time.
FOR HWFET CYCLE
The initial coding of Hybrid Electricalvehicle for UDDS cycle
%% Vehicle Parameters
M = 1500; % Vehicle weight [kg]
Cr = 0.015; % Rolling resistance coefficient
Rw = 0.35; % Rolling radius [m]
Cd = 0.33; % Drag coefficient
Af = 2; % Frontal area [m2]
rhoa = 1.225; % Air density [kg/m3]
Vwind = 0; % Wind velocity [kmph]
g = 9.81; % Gravitational acceleration [m/s2]
theta = 0; % Slope [deg]
myu_road_tire = 1; % Coefficient of friction between tire - road interface
%% Powertrain Parameters
FDR = 3.73; % Final Drive Ratio / Diff Ratio
DiffEff = 0.99; % Differential efficiency (assumed independent of operating conditions)
NumGear = 4; % Number of gears in transmission
TransGear = 1:NumGear; % Transmission Gears
TransRatio = [3.06, 1.62, 1, 0.7]; % Corresponding Transmission ratios
TransEff = 0.90; % Transmission efficiency (assumed independent of operating conditions)
TC_SR = [0, .5, .6, .7, .8, .87, .92, .94, .96, .97, 1]; % Torque Converter Speed Ratio (Matlab default) -> TurbSpd/PumpSpd
TC_TR = [2.232, 1.5462, 1.4058, 1.2746, 1.1528, 1.0732, 1.0192, 1, 1, 1, 1]; % Torque Converter Torque Ratio (Matlab default) -> TurbTrq/PumpTrq
TC_Cf = 1e-4 * [.72558, .66322, .63463, .59042, .51331, .4144, .29287, .22444, .12186, .04386, 0]; % Torque Converter Capacity Factor (Matlab default) -> PumpTrq/PumpSpd^2 [Nm/rpm^2]
load Vehicle_Data/Engine_data_1_9L_Saturn_95kW
load Vehicle_Data/Trans_Shift_map
load Vehicle_Data/EM_Honda_Insight_10kW
load Vehicle_Data/ESS_NiMH6
ESS_init_soc = 0.8;
ESS_soc_max = 0.9;
ESS_soc_min = 0.6;
%% Driver Parameters
Kp = 10; % P gain for driver PI model
Ki = 1; % I gain for driver PI model
Drive_Cycle_Select = 2; % Drive cycle selection
% Drive cycle values in m/s
if Drive_Cycle_Select == 1
load DriveCycles/UDDS;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 2
load DriveCycles/HWFET;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 3
load DriveCycles/FTP;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 4
load DriveCycles/US06;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 5
load DriveCycles/NEDC;
elseif Drive_Cycle_Select == 6
load DriveCycles/WLTP;
end
time_end = cyc_time(end);
vel_end = cyc_vel(end);simulink model for Hybrid Electrical vehivcle
SUBSYSTEMS UNDER CONTROLLER SUBSYSTEMS UNDER POWERTRAIN
* Enigine controller unit * Battery
* Emotor controller unit * Emotor
* Transmission controller unit * Engine
* Brake controller unit * Transmission, differential, Wheel
PROCESSING FILE
%% Renaming variables
Time = out.tout;
Acc_Pdl = out.Acc_Pdl; % Accelerator pedal [%]
Brk_Pdl = out.Brk_Pdl; % Brake pedal [%]
Gear_Cmd = out.Gear_Cmd; % Transmission gear
Trans_In_Spd = out.Trans_In_Spd*30/pi; % Transmission input speed [rpm]
Trans_Out_Spd = out.Trans_Out_Spd*30/pi;% Transmission output speed [rpm]
Eng_Trq = out.Eng_Trq; % Engine brake torque [Nm]
Eng_Spd = out.Eng_Spd*30/pi; % Engine speed [rpm]
Eng_Fuel_Consump = out.Eng_Fuel_Consumption; % Engine fuel consumption [g]
Veh_Dist = out.Veh_Dist/1000; % Distance traveled by vehicle [km]
Veh_Spd = out.Veh_Spd*18/5; % Vehicle speed [kmph]
EM_Spd = out.EM_Spd; % EMotor speed
EM_Trq = out.EM_Trq; % Emotor Torque
ElecPwr = out.ElecPwr; % Electrical power
pack_current =out.pack_Current; % pack current
soc= out.soc; % state of cherge
term_volt = out.term_volt; % Terminal voltage
%% Data Analysis
Eng_Pwr = Eng_Spd.*pi./30.*Eng_Trq./1000; % Engine brake power [kW]
rho_petrol = 0.7197; % Density of petrol [kg/L]
kmpl = Veh_Dist(end)/(Eng_Fuel_Consump(end)/1000/rho_petrol); % Fuel economy [kmpl]
%% Plotting vehicle characteristics time trace
figure()
subplot(3,1,1)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time, Acc_Pdl, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'black');
plot(Time, Brk_Pdl, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'red');
ylabel('Pedal [%]')
xlim([0, Time(end)]);
legend('Accel','Brake');
subplot(3,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time, Trans_In_Spd, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'black');
plot(Time, Trans_Out_Spd, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'red');
ylabel('Speed [rpm]')
xlim([0, Time(end)]);
ylim([0, 6000]);
legend('Trans Input','Trans Output');
subplot(3,1,3)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time, Gear_Cmd, 'linewidth', 1, 'Color', 'black');
xlim([0, Time(end)]);
xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('Gear');
%% Plotting engine operating points on engine fuel map
figure('Name','Engine Operating Points');
hold on
grid on
title('Engine Operating Points','fontsize',12);
p1=plot(Eng_map_spd*30/pi,Eng_max_trq,'linewidth',2,'color','r');
p2=line([Eng_map_spd(end)*30/pi Eng_map_spd(end)*30/pi],[0 Eng_max_trq(end)]);
set(p2,'linewidth',1,'linestyle','--','color','k');
p3=line([Eng_map_spd(1)*30/pi Eng_map_spd(1)*30/pi],[0 Eng_max_trq(1)]);
set(p3,'linewidth',1,'linestyle','--','color','k');
[c,h] = contour(Eng_map_spd'*30/pi,Eng_map_trq,Eng_fuel_map');
clabel(c,h);
xlabel('Engine Speed [rpm]');
ylabel('Engine Torque [Nm]');
title('Engine Fuel Consumption Map [g/s]');
p4 = plot(Eng_Spd,Eng_Trq,'.','color','k');
legend([p1 p4],{'Max Curve','Operating Points'});
axis([Eng_map_spd(1)*30/pi Eng_map_spd(end)*30/pi 0 Eng_map_trq(end)]);
%% VEHICLE DYNAMICS
figure('name','Vehicle Dynamics');
subplot(2,1,1)
hold on
grid on
title('Time vs Veh_spd')
plot(Time,Veh_Spd);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('VEHICLE SPEED');
legend('TIME','VEHICLE SPEED');
subplot(2,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,Veh_Dist);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('VEHICLE DISTANCE')
legend('TIME' , 'VEHICLE SPEED');
%% ELECTRICAL MOTOR CHARACTERSTICS
figure('Name','E_MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS')
subplot(3,1,1)
hold on
grid on
title('time vs Emotor speed')
plot(Time,EM_Spd);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('EMOTOR SPEED')
legend('TIME','EM_Spd');
subplot(3,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,EM_Trq);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('TORQUE')
legend('TIME,EMOTOR TORQUE')
subplot(3,1,3)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,ElecPwr);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('Elec_pwr')
legend('TIME,Elec_PWR')
%% BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS
figure('Name','BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS')
subplot(3,1,1)
hold on
grid on
title('time vs pack_current')
plot(Time,pack_current);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('PACK CURRENT')
legend('TIME,PACK CURRENT');
subplot(3,1,2)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,soc);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('SOC')
legend('TIME,SOC')
subplot(3,1,3)
hold on
grid on
plot(Time,term_volt);
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('TERM_VOLT')
legend('TIME,TERM_VOLT')RESULTS:
Engine characterstics plotting
such as Accelaration, Brake, Transmission input speed, Transmission output speed, Gear.
Fuel comnsumption plotting
Vehicle parameters
In this plot Vehicle speed and vehicle distance with respective to time.
Electrical motor characterstics
In this plot the Emotor speed, torque and Electrical power are with respective to time.
BATTERY CAPACITY CHARACTERSTICS
In this plot pack current ,state of charge and Terminal voltage is plotted with respective to time.
COMPARISION BETWEEN THE ICE's AND HEV's :
In ICE the emissions, fuel rate and kmpl is very as compare to the HEV. In HEV's the system is more complex to develop and maintain carefully , but as compare to ICE the fuel rate, kmpl and emissions are decreased. The main advantage of the HEV there is more flexibility in driving we can switch to either Motor or an Engine.
CONCLUSION:
Eventually the Hybrid Electrical vehicle is modeled and devloped.
The HEV and ICE kmph values are different. HEV giving the high kmph. The kmph of ICE is 19 where it comes to the HEV its 37 this much of kmph for HWFET cycle .we got from the high kmph and less fuel rate in HEV's.
The comparision of the Project 1 and project 2 has make much difference in all parameters. where it comes to HEV so many complex system are need to devloped and installed for the better results.