Challenge

Project 1

It is a cancer of heart initiated in muscles or blood vessels in the heart.
It can be of two types namely primary and secondary.
Primary cardiac sarcoma is when the tumour starts in the heart itself, whereas secondary cardiac sarcoma is the one where tumour starts somewhere else and spreads to the heart.

Gross anatomy of heart:

Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular organ and is pyramidal in shape of length 12cm and width- 9cm.
It has apex and base has three surfaces and four borders.
It’s covered with fibrous sac called pericardium.
Four chambers are right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.
Along with valves- atrioventricular valves, aortic valve and pulmonary valve.

Macroscopic structure of heart:

Well, the size of the heart is approximately the size of the fist.
It’s weight in male is 300gm whereas in female is 250gm.
Located at the superior surface of the diaphragm, left of the midline and anterior to the vertical column and posterior to the sternum.

Microscopic structure of heart:

Heart has three surfaces namely sternocostal surface, diaphragmatic and left surfaces.
The covering has two distinct layers- fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium.
Now between the right atrium and right ventricle, valve present is tricuspid valve, whereas between left atrium and left ventricle, mitral (bicuspid) valve is present.
Septum separates the two sides of the heart.
Tricuspid valve consists of three collagenous leaflets- septal, parietal and angular.
Papillary muscles are attached to the cusps by the chordae tendineae.

Blood supply and nerve supply:

Venous blood enters through superior vena cava into the right atrium then passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle.
Through the pulmonary trunk, blood is carried to the lungs by right and left pulmonary arteries.
Pulmonary veins open in Left atrium and they do not have valves.
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins then to the left ventricle.
Then blood leaves the heart through aorta and runs into arteries, arterioles and then into capillaries.
From capillaries to venules and then finally to veins.

Heart attack- Blood supply gets blocked in a part of heart muscle leading to heart attack.
Arrhythmia- when electric signal of heart muscle gets interrupted which leads to either faster than the normal heart beat or too slow beats is called arrhythmia.
Coronary heart disease- In this condition, the blood vessels mainly the coronary artery gets narrow and there is inconvenience in normal blood supply.

Diagnostic technique:

Echocardiogram (echo): This is a test that uses sound waves mainly ultrasound to check how well the heart is working and to have a look into its chambers and valves. This produces images of the heart, which is helpful in further treatment.

health condition,

is he/she in some medication or not?

Rate of growth of tumor,

Rate of speed of growth,

Will it be safely removed or not,

Accordingly type of surgery will be decided.

Echocardiogram or ECG (Electrocardiogram) are done for checking the normal functioning of heart by sound waves or by electrical activity respectively.
Initially the type of treatment will totally depend on the amount of tumour spread. There can be an open-heart surgery or auto-transplantation.
There are cases when all of the tumor can’t be removed, here heart transplant comes.
In auto-transplantation, surgeon takes the heart out and removes the tumor then fits it back into the body until then body will be on heart-lung bypass machine.
After the surgery, Chemotherapy must be needed so that to lower the risk of cancer coming back.

Mainly the therapy includes complete excision of tumor cells.
After the surgery, radio and chemotherapy is needed to stop the risk of growing the cancer cells again.
Sometimes, Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is also done to shrink these large cancerous cells.

PART B – case study

Skull belongs to flat bones as they are flat in appearance.
Microscopically, these types of bones are expanded, elongated plates of bones that outlines the cavities of the body. Each of these bones are formed by two plates of compact bone tissues along with intermediate spongy bones and marrow.
As this intervening spongy tissue is know as diploic that contains numerous veins in the bones of the vault of the skull, this is how it gets blood supply.
Bone remodelling is the removal of unwanted bone by osteoclast for maintaining the shape of the bones.

Osteoblast cells are immature cells that are deposited to form new bone on the surface of the periphery of long bones.

Bone implant or bone grafting is the surgical procedure that takes transplanted bones and attaches into the damaged part for repair.
A bone grafting surgical paste is contraindicated in the part of grafting and there can be severe neurological disesase or uncontrolled diabetes.

Ship work like this
in your own course.