Challenge

Identification of Cracks

Question 1:

This crack will be formed due to the flexural failure of the beam.
The flexural strength, known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, is amaterial property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexural test.
The flexural strength represents he highest stress experienced within the material as its moment of failure, main steel is provided at the bottom of the beam..
The damages are repairable, to repair damaged beams, locate a local welder or metal shop and request angle iron, cut and drilled to the length of the beam being repaired.
Remove any pipes, wires, etc,. currently going through the beam.
Be sure to turn off the water, power etc,. before doing so.
Pry the joist hanger away from the beam.
Mount the angle iron on the jack and tthe temmporary post.
Get the angle iron in place and slowly raise the jack until the angle iron is wedged up against the damaged beam.
Slide any pipes or wires previously removed back through the beam and turn the water and power back on.

This cracks are formed due to the mistakes done in the construction and honeycombing in concrete.
To avoid cracks in concrete, avoid using high slump concrete.
Concrete of moderate slump results inn less cracking.
high slump concrete can only be used if t is controlled by concrete admixtures and designed such that segregation and bleeding of concrete is controlled.
concrete admixtures such as water reducers or super plasticizers can be used to increase slump while reducing addition of water content.
Air entertained concrete can also be produced to inncrease slump especially when concrete is subjected to freeze and thaw cycles.
The honeycombing occurs when the fine mortar fails to throughly fall and fill the gaps created by coare aggregate
As mentioned previously, poor concrete consolidaion is usually the top cause of honey combing, along with poor vibration, improper ratio of fine to aggregate, dry concrete and construction conditions that are not upto standard.

This cracks are formed due to the beam-column joint failure.
In the strong column-weak beam design, beams are expected to form plastic hinges at their ends and develop flexural over strength beyond the design strength.
The high internal forces developed at plastic hinges cause critical bond conditions in the longitudinal reinforcing bars passing through the joint and also impose high shear demand in the joint core.
The bond performance of the bars anchored in a joint affects the shear resisting mechnism to a significiantt extend.

What is the mode of failure or damage of the beams in the figure above? Are the damages repairable? Elaborate

Question 2:

This crack will be formed due to the flexural failure of column.
Columns have the most important role in all structural members off a building.
According to the base civil engineering conncept, columns failure wants to be occuring after beams nd the other components damages.
performance of existing buildings in earthquakes indicates that the beams are less vulnarable to damage during earthquakes and their damage appears to be less critical to performance as compared with that of columns-beams joints

This crack will be formed due to the shear failure of a column.
Lateral loads in a structure are carrying by verticl elements such as columns and shear walls.
When there are no shear walls, columns carry these lateral loads.
Lateral loads are generated by winds, earthquake loads, from reataining structures, etc.
Shear links are provided to columns based on the shear forces excreted on them.
Further, the size of the columns is increased in the direction of shear to increase the shear capacity.

This cracks are formed due tto the short columns failure.
In short columns, failures take place due to yielding and we define this phenomenon as crushing.
Short columns are classified based upon slenderness ratio which is the ratio of the effective length and least lateral dimension off the column.
Failure of the column usually occurs due to anyone of the following stresses developed in the column.
Short column will fail only because of direct compressive stress developed in the column or we can also say that short column will usually fail due to direct compression or crushing.

Ship work like this
in your own course.