Identification of Cracks
Question 1:
What is the beam's mode of failure or damage in the figure above? Would you characterize the case as damage or as a failure? Are the damages repairable? Elaborate
a)
Crack is formed due to flexural failure in beams. As we can see, the damage is caused more to the shaft than by the column. Damage is caused due to insufficient reinforcement or concrete. Steel must be provided at the top/bottom of the post to overcome these failures. These damages are repairable; while repairing this, we need to remove pipes and wires and turn off the water and power connection. It can be improved by adding cement to the damaged part.
b) 
These cracks are formed due to high slump concrete. Beams and columns carry a heavy load. So, the first step is to relieve part of its load. This is done by providing supports at beam-column joints. Could you remove the damaged concrcoloredtil the colored steel reinforcement is visible?
c) 
Cracks are formed due to beam-column connection failure. It occurred due to high shear forces during seismic activity. If it is not repaired correctly by excessive loss in strength, the structure will collapse.
Question 2:
a) 
It is formed due to the failure in the column due to buckling. Buckling is the sudden change in the shape of a structural component under load. Members may suddenly change shape if a structure is subjected to a gradually increased load.
b) 
Due to Shear failure in the column. Lateral loads are carried in vertical elements of the structure. The size of columns is increased in the direction of the shear to increase shear capacity. Shorter queues attract high shear forces. These failures occur during an earthquake at open ground floor level.
c) 
It is formed due to short column failure. Short columns fail by crushing at high-stress levels above the column material's elastic limit material. It is a critical type of concrete column damaged at these columns.