Identification of Cracks

Answer to the Question No. 1

Question:1

a) b) c)

What is the mode of failure or damage of the beams in the figure above? Are the damages repairable? Elaborate

Answer:

Aim: Aim to the Question is to find out the reason of failure or damage of the beams in the figure. also tell them this damage repairable or not.

Objective: Objective of the Question Is:

• Awareness on Structural failure.
• Distinguishing Structural & Non-Structural failures.
• To know how to observe a structural issue
• Understanding of Seismic Failure.

Introduction: in this Question some images are given. first we see the images. and take observation finally we go the results or answer.

In this Question We have some images of failure or damage structure. first we see the mages and go to the Observation.

Procedure:

• First Open the Image.
• Observe the image.
• Find the Reason damage or failure of column/Beam
• And find the Solution

1(a) Answer

Observation:

• We saw the Concrete crushed and the reinforcement is exposed.
• Concrete spalled beyond the reinforcement which may be a sign of rupture.
• Beam top portion looks safe because of the flange advantage from the slab.
• The creak develops from bottom to top means rebar yielding occurs in support bottom only.

Result: After observation, we get the following results or answer:

• its Form of Flexural failure due to reversal stress during an earthquake.
• During the stress reversal, Support top experiences Compression and Bottom Experiences tension.
• Top Compressions managed by Slab advantage. Bottom tension was not satisfied by the provided reinforcement.
• Since the reinforcement got yielded, it can not be repaired.

1(b) Answer:

Observation:

• We saw the Cracks along Beam-column Edge.
• Cracks seem to have developed through the structure as it looks much wider.
• Beam looks separated from the column at joins.
• Concrete is not severely crushed.

Result: After observation, we get the following results or answer:

• its Beam pull-out failure due to insufficient development light of reinforcement in joints.
• During earthquake, the horizontal movement of structure makes this condition worse and detached the beam member from column.
• Providing anchorage is very diffivult. So not repairable.

1(c) Answer:

Observation:

• We saw Creaks are exactly at the joint of Column Beam.
• We Saw Creaks in Beam developed through its entire width.
• We saw slab also developed more creaks along the beam width direction.

Result: After observation, we get the following results or answer:

• It's a Plastic hinge failure.
• The damage occurred only in the joint one first of all.
• Cyclic lateral loading & stress reversal at the joints led to the damage.
• Even the slab participated to its best to handle the tension (Slabb is severely cracked means it has undergone tension with its flange condition.), But unable to control the damage.
• The Joint can be strengthened.

Answer to the Question No. 2

Question:2

Question 2:

a) b) c)

Answer:

Aim:

Introduction: in this Question some images are given. first we see the images. and take observation finally we go the results or answer.

In this Question We have some images of failure or damage structure. first we see the mages and go to the Observation.

Procedure:

• First Open the Image.
• Observe the image.
• Find the Reason damage or failure of column/Beam
• And find the Solution

2(a) Answer

Observation:

• We saw Concrete damaged at top a column.
• Concrete damaged all around the column face.
• Beams Are safe.
• The colaction of column looks at edge of the building
• No walls are buildt along teh olumn means it is probably at ground the column meas it is probably at Ground floor, for Parking car movement access.

Result: After observation, we get the following results or answer:

• It's a spit story failure, Technically Plastic hinge formation.
• Due to absence of infill walls at the ground floor, The plastic hinge forms at the Top of ground Story column during Laterl movement
• Based on the development of the crush of concrete it can either be repairable or Non-Repairable.

2(b) Answer

Observation:

• Concrete developed complete breakage diagonally.
• Longitudinal reinforcement are intact.
• Shear reinforcement spacing looks wider (which means probably lessor shear rebar provided.)

Result: After observation, we get the following results or answer:

• Its a Pure failure.
• Inadequate shear reinforcement compels concrete takes all the shear stresses.

2(c) Answer

Observation:

• We saw Column failed completely Failure at top of the column.
• There are two slabs connected to the column Probably onemid-heightight of the column.
• The wooden piles might be a Post failure support after the column failed, providing a temporary prop to avoid the collapse of the entire Structure.

Result: After observation, we get the following results or answer:

• It a sort column failure.
• An additional slab or a Beam Connected toa column in mid- height loads to this effect.
• This leads to failure especially if the connection is unintentional and not accounted in design.
• The failure given in the picture is not all repairable.