Identification of Cracks

1) a. For the encircled failure some observations can be drawn out. They are:

Bottom of the beam shows the failure although top is safe and fine well connected to slab and column without any cracks.

Reinforcement bars can be seen through and concrete is shedded off.

Crack developed from bottom to top can be a sign of sagging in beam.

Beam is in flexural failure , where its bottom part experiences tension and top experiences compression which is holded by slab portion but bottom part is not supported by any structural frame. This type of damage can not be repaired.

b. For the encircled failure , some observations can be drawn out are:

Cracks can be seen around column beam joint edge.

Crack is spread along the whole structural member.

Beam looks disjointed where concrete is spilling down.

Beam disjoint can occur when proper development length is not provided in the rebar to join column to the beam. During and kind of shake, that can make the beam dislocate from its position ,therefore after construction it can be changed, so non repairable failure.

c. Encircled damage can give us following observations:

Cracks are the joint of column and beam.

Beam looks more damaged throughout , more cracks can be seen on the beam.

The total structural frame is under tension and failed, all structural members , beam ,column and slab are damaged. But can be fixed as there are no rebar failures. It can be repaired.

2) a. Encircled damage can lead us to following observations:

Column positioning is on the exterior of the building.

Column has no walls attached to it.

Column concrete is damaged but beam connected to it is safe.

It is a soft storey failure, more specific a plastic hinge is formed. A sudden shaking can lead to fall of the building. It can be repaired provided more strength to the ground floor structural members.

b. Encircled damage can give us following observations:

Column is failed in shear.

Column concrete is shedding off but rebars are in the place.

Seeing the more spacing between the rebars, it caused shear failure in the column. More reinforcement can be helpful in this situation.

c. For the encircled failure some observations can be drawn out. They are:

Column failed from top completely, resultion in damage to the building.

The wood alone were not able to withstand the load so failed after column ruptured.

This failure is not repairable but additional supports should be provided to withstand the loads.