Identification of Cracks

1.A.

This crack will be formed due to the flexural failure of a beam. The flexural strength, known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. It is measured in terms of stress.

At the bottom and top of the beam, there is major steel to prevent this kind of collapse. The harm can be repaired. Locate a nearby welder or metal shop and ask for an angle iron that has been cut and drilled to the length of the damaged beam in order to fix it. Eliminate any current pipes, cables, etc. that pass across the beam. Before doing so, make sure to switch off the water, electricity, etc. Joist hanger must be pryed away from the beam. On the jack and the temporary post, mount the angle iron. Set up the angle iron, then elevate the jack gradually until it is jammed against the injured beam.

.Screw the angle iron into the beam and remove the temporary post. Slide any pipes or wires previously removed back through the beam and turn the water and power back on.

1.B

These cracks are formed due to the mistakes done in the construction and honeycombing in concrete. Avoid using high-slump concrete to prevent fractures in your concrete. Less cracking occurs in concrete with a modest sag (less than 5 inches). Only high-slump concrete that has been engineered to prevent segregation and bleeding of the concrete or that contains concrete admixtures can be utilized. To boost slump while decreasing the addition of water content, concrete admixtures like water reducers or superplasticizers can be utilized. When concrete is going to be exposed to freeze and thaw cycles, air entertained concrete may also be made to enhance slump. When the fine mortar fails to completely settle and fill the spaces left by the coarse aggregate, honeycombing results. As previously indicated, poor concrete consolidation, combined with inadequate vibration, an incorrect ratio of fine to coarse aggregate, dry concrete, and subpar building circumstances, are frequently the main causes of honeycombing.

1.C

This cracking is a result of the collapse of the beam-column junction. In the strong column-weak beam design, beams are anticipated to develop flexural overstrength beyond the design strength and create plastic hinges at their ends. High shear demands are placed on the joint core by the high internal pressures created at plastic hinges, which lead to critical bond conditions in the longitudinal reinforcing bars flowing through the joint. The bond performance of the bars anchored in a joint has a considerable impact on the shear-resisting mechanism.

2.A

This fracture will form as a result of a column failing flexural. Out of all the structural components of a structure, columns play the most significant function. According to the fundamental principle of civil engineering, columns should break after beams and other components have been damaged. Compared to columns and column-beam joints, beams tend to be less susceptible to damage during earthquakes and their damage appears to have less of an impact on performance, according to the performance of existing structures in earthquakes.

2.B

This fracture will develop as a result of a column failing in shear. Vertical components such as columns and shear walls bear the lateral loads in a structure. In the absence of shear walls, these lateral loads are supported by columns. Winds, seismic loads, retaining structures, etc. all produce lateral loads. Based on the shear forces applied to them, shear linkages are given to columns. To further boost the shear capacity, the columns' sizes are raised in the shear direction.

2. C

The short column collapse is what caused these cracks to emerge. Failure in Short Columns occurs as a result of yielding; we refer to this as CRUSHING. Slenderness Ratio, or the ratio of the column's effective length (length between the point of zero moments) and least lateral dimension, is used to categorize short columns. Any of the following stresses that arise in the column can lead to the failure of the column. Short columns will only fail when a column develops direct compressive stress, or we can also say that short columns will often fail when there is direct compression or crushing.