Electric Rickshaw modelling

Target:-

To make an Electric 3 wheeler i.e., electric rickshaw

Objective:-

Create a detailed MATLAB model of an electric rickshaw (three-wheel passenger vehicle) as per the details below:

• Rear wheels driven by PM brushed type motor
• Assume efficiency points of motor controller and motor
• Make an excel sheet of all input and assumed data

Results: For any three standard driving cycles show energy consumption, the temperature rise of the motor and controller for 100 km constant speed driving at 45 kmph.

Theory:-

The vehicles which get their driving power source from a Battery are known as Pure Electric Vehicles. Whereas the vehicles that use 2 power sources such as Battery and IC Engine could also be called Hybrid Electric Vehicles. There are only a few vehicles in our country which come with the option of HEV such as Toyota Prius, Lexus LS 500h, BMW i8. From all these vehicles we have not seen higher demand as they have a higher initial range and the consumers in India usually fall to purchase the cars in the price bracket of 6 to 12 Lakhs and in that range they do not get an option to experience any Hybrid/Electric options.

Motors and Controls both account for the DC Drive.

I have used Brushless DC Motor, Simple Voltage Source, and PWM signal for the EV Drivetrain.

EV batteries undergo cycles of 'discharge' that occur when driving and 'charge' when the car's plugged in. Repeating this process over time affects the amount of charge the battery can hold. This decreases the range and time needed between each journey to charge.

Battery and electric motor working together is surprisingly simple – the battery connects to one or more electric motors, which drive the wheels. When you press the accelerator the car instantly feeds power to the motor, which gradually consumes the energy stored in the batteries. Electric motors also work as generators, so when you take your foot off the throttle the car begins to slow down by converting its forward motion back into electricity – this happens more strongly if you hit the brakes. This regenerative braking recovers energy that would otherwise be lost, storing it in the battery again and so improving the car's range.

Why EV?

There are majorly 5 reasons why one should opt for an EV

1. Low Maintenance
2. Eco Friendly
3. Silent operation
4. Low running cost
5. Incentives from Government

Out of all these reasons the major which should be considered before deciding for vehicle purchase is that the initial cost for an EV might be higher but when the vehicle is used for subsequent years like 3-4 years the initial cost would surely be compensated as the fuel efficiency nearly falls at 1-2 Rs per km as the charging cost per kW in India ranges to Rs 7-15 which includes as Metro Cities and in this range if the vehicle is set at charging the vehicle usually delivers the efficiency of 6-7km per kW of charging. The battery has a life of nearly 10-12 years and then the batteries could be scrapped for a use of any low energy required resource. This in general is going to account for the overall smart purchase as currently, the government is also promoting the purchase of EVs at higher levels as the EV are the future. Dependency upon Fossil Fuels could not be considered for a long duration as we do not have an assurance for the cost to remain constant. Taking an example of our country the cost is booming at the highest peak and in the coming years, it might change as well. The journeys travelled in an EV are worth the ride as it electrifies all your journeys and gives you joy while driving.

Components used in an EV -

1. Electric Traction Motor
2. Cooling System
3. Power Electronics Controller
4. Auxiliary Battery
5. Traction Battery Pack
6. Transmission
7. Converter

Together these components when merged with a usual vehicle gives us an EV. Many system-level variations have to be made and considered for the efficient operations of the vehicle. The vehicle tests have to go through several regions where it is extremely cold and where it is extremely hot. In all these components the major cost contribution is by the Traction Motor and the Batteries everything else does not cost at that higher range.

Blocks Required:-

Sl. NO.	NAME	QUANTITIES
1.	Tire	3
2.	Vehicle Body	1
3.	Simple gear	1
4.	Brush Type Dc Motor	1
5.	Rotational Reference	1
6.	Dc - Dc Converter H- Bridge	1
7.	Controlled PWM Voltage	1
8.	Electrical Reference	3
9.	Controlled voltage source	2
10.	Multiport	1
11.	Longitudinal Driver	1
12.	Battery	1
13.	Current Sensor	1
14.	Simulink to PS converter	3
15.	PS to Simulink converter	4
16.	Controlled current source	1
17.	PS-Simulator	1
18.	Half gauge	1
19.	Display	2
20.	Slider	1
21.	Radio Button	1
22.	Solver Configuration	1
23.	Scope	5
24.	Divide	1
25.	Constant	4
26.	PS constant	2
27.	Side shaft	1
28.	Gain	5
29.	Rate Transitions	1
30.	Sum	1
31.	Controlled Current Source	1
32.	Display Port	3

Solutions:-

Tire And Chassy Select tire magic formulas and configure them. Main < parameterise < Load-Dependent magic formula. Dynamics < Specify Stiffness And Damping. Rolling Resistance < Rolling Resistance < ON. Get 3 Sets of the tire as a car does not run in 1 wheel. Select a vehicle body and configure it, Main < MAss <1200kg. Pitch < Pitch Dynamics < ON. Connect all the 4 tire axils in H (axil) to the vehicle body. Make a connection of 2 set one for the front and the another for the rear, Tire 2 & 3 are rear. Tire 1 is front. Connect a simple gear to the rear axil i.e., F to A. Connect the normal Rear to the normal (N) of both the rear wheels. connect the normal from the normal (N) of both the wheel front wheels.
Motor And Controller Select a motor DC-Motor simple one and configure it, Electrical torque < Field Type < Permanent Magnet. Electrical torque < Model PArameterzition < By rated load and speed. Electrical torque < No-load speed < 8000 < rpm. Electrical torque < Rated speed < 5000< rpm. Rated speed load < 50 < Kg. Rated DC supply voltage < Always Enabled. Connect the rotating shaft of the motor to the simple gear. Connect a mechanical Rotational Reference for a constant reference Select an H-Bridge Converter let us set it, Simulation Mode & Load Assumption < Power Supply < Internal. Simulation Mode & Load Assumption < Simulation Mode < Average. Simulation Mode & Load Assumption < Regenerative breaking < Always Enebaled. Simulation Mode & Load Assumption < Load current characteristices < smoother. Connect the H-bridge +ve with the +ve end of motor and -ve to -ve end of the motor Select a controlled PWM voltage block. Connect the PWM to PWM and Ref to Ref. Select the electrical Reference to connect - Ref, Ref, REV to the electrical Reference. Select a controlled voltage source and connect it to the +ve Ref and the -ve to the electrical reference. Select another controlled voltage Source and connect with the Breaking And the -ve to the electrical Reference.
Acceleration Command Select drive cycle source. Select signal builder. Select from the spreadsheet. Select the slider gain. Select a constant and then connect that constant to the above slider gain. Select a mul;tiport switch MAin< number of data ports < 4. Connect all the data to the data ports Get a constant block and connect it to the 1st post of the multiport [1]
Driver Select a longitudinal driver Connect the output from the multiport t the velocity reference. Connect 2 Simulink blocks to the PS converter and connect them to the acceleration and deceleration. Connect the 2 outputs from the ps converter to the two voltage sources one in REF + and the other to the Break. Get back the velocity from the vehicle body to the feedback to the longitudinal driver to get feedback. For the observation purpose, get two terminals from the vehicle command and one from the velocity feedback and connect it to the Scope. Get a current sensor and use that in series with the +ve of the motor.
Battery Pack Get a battery from the Simulink library Main < Voltage < 330. Get a controlled current sensor and connect it with the battery. The output from the motor current sensor is been connected with the controlled current sensor.
State of Charge For making a soc we need one rate transition. with the initial value as 0. Get a Gain in series with the rate transition output to keep the gain value `1/(80*3600)` Get a discrete-time integration block from the Simulink library, Main < Integration Method < integration forward Euler. Main < Gain Value < 1.0. Main < External rule < none. connect it with the summation block with two + +. connect a constant in one port and connect the series SOC with the other Connect a Gain with 100 in the output. connect that with the Scope. connect another scope in the current sensor for the current review
Total Distance travel Block Output from the velocity feedback use one integrator block connect one constant block with the value of 3600 as it is represented that seconds in one hour. connect one multiplication b; ock in the circuit change the symbols inside that clock to multiply and divide. Connect the two integrators and the constant to the multiplication block connect one display for distance.

Observation:-

Actual speed Vs Controller input
Converter Temperature
Motor Temperature
State Of Charge(Battery Percentage)
Current
Speed,Distance and Battery Percentage

Conclusion:-

From this, we get concluded that when we run the vehicle that we develop the above for around 42min it drained around 30% of the battery and it has been travelled around 3 km and as we all know that the EVs are very energy efficient and it costs us less and this is safety because the front part of the vehicle is only having one motor. As my vehicle is very energy efficient and cost-effective and with a wind velocity of 5kmph