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Final Project: Design of an Electric Vehicle

GGeorge Mathew5 May 2022

1)System level configurations

How Does An Electric Car Work?

When the car pedal is depressed, then:

Controller takes and regulates electrical energy from batteries and inverters With the controller set, the inverter then sends a certain amount of electrical energy to the motor Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (rotation)Rotation of the motor rotor rotates the transmission so the wheels turn and then the car moves.

Components of Electric Vehicle

Main Components of Electrical Vehicle
Traction Battery Pack

The function of the battery in an electric car is direct-current electricity (DC). If it gets a signal from the controller, the battery will flow DC electrical energy to the inverter to then be used to drive the motor. The battery used is a rechargeable battery that is arranged to form what is called a traction battery pack.

Power Inverter

The inverter functions to change the DC on the battery into an AC and then this AC is used by an electric motor. Snd the inverter on an electric car also has a function to change the AC when regenerative braking to DC current and then used to recharge the battery. The type of inverter used in some electric car models is the bi-directional inverter category.

Controller

the controller is as a regulator of electrical energy from batteries and inverters that will be distributed to motors. While the controller itself gets the main input from the pedal. This pedal setting will determine the frequency variation or voltage variation that will enter the motor, and at the same time determine the car’s speed

Electric Traction Motor

As the controller provides electrical power from the traction battery, the traction motors will work turning the transmission and wheels. Some hybrid electric cars use a type of generator-motor that performs the functions of propulsion and regeneration.

Other Electric Car Components

Charger is a battery charging device. Chargers get electricity from outside sources, such as the utility grid or solar power plants. AC electricity is converted into DC electricity and then stored in the battery. There are 2 types of electric car chargers:On-board charger/Off-board charger

Transmission : The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction motor.

DC/DC Converter This one of electric car parts that to converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.

Auxiliary Battery : In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides electricity to power vehicle accessories.

Thermal System – Cooling : This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.

PLug-in Port/ Charge Port : The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.

2. Model parameters

3. Results

Obesevation and results
The system is ran for 2474s as input drive cycle is defined. A Solver Configuration is added to ensure proper solving of the mathematical equations by the model
Scopes are connected to analyze different outputs such as the SOC of the battery, the reference velocity & the actual velocity of the vehicle and the distance covered by the vehicle during the total run.
The distance is calculated by simply T-I of the velocity.
As can be seen from the above picture, the actual velocity of the vehicle varies from the reference drive cycle velocity.
The battery capacity and motors are not able to propel the speed upto the required extent.
If a battery of higher capacity is choosed, the actual velocity will tend to match with the reference velocity.
the reference velocity of the drive cycle never becomes negative (As there is no reverse motion of the vehicle), the distance is increasing throughout.
The total distance covered by the vehicle is about 3.8 km.The State-of-Charge of the battery at the end of simulation run is nearly about 77 96.
This means that the battery is notdrained at the end and the vehicle can run on the same drive cycle for a few more times before the battery SOC =0
we had enabled the regenerative braking for the simulation, the battery so SOC increases slightly whenever the vehicle undergoes heavy deceleration.
And this depends upon the generating tendency of the motor and the maximum amount of current that the battery can take.

4. Conclusion

The model was succesfully run for simulation under the standard FTP75 drive cycle.
some of the observations are like -
1. To stimulate an EV and carry out a real time simulation by simulink
2. the role of motor controller and the electric motor
3. calculated the SOC of the battery
4. Various powertrain blocks provided by simulink which are used to simulate a EV model .
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