Week-7 Challenge: DC Motor Control

 1. Speed control of a DC motor using BJT H-bridge-

A)Working of H-bridge model:

• Here H-bridge  DC chopper circuit is designed to control the speed of the motor.
• IGBT acts as BJT in power switching devices.
• Four IGBT switches are used for inverting the DC voltage 0 to 240 v supply.The current flows from collector(C) to emitter(E).
• The gate are controlled by the pulses(0 and 1) according to the armature voltge of motor given by pulse generator.

• This image shoes the voltage value given from initial to final during the step time.According to the pulses on and off the voltage supplied to the IGBT's.
• Here four switches are used Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4. Pulses P1,P2,P3,P4 are conected with corresponding switches.
• In first state, Q1 and Q4 are closed by giving 1V to IGBT'S,current from battery passes through Q1 and Q4.Diode D2,D3 are used as free wheeling diode in this state.In this case Forward motoring and forward breaking are held.
• In Second state,Q2 and Q3 are closed by giving 1V to IGBT's,current from battery passes through Q2 and Q3.Diode D1,D4 are used as free wheeling diode in this stateIn this case reverse motoring and reverse breaking are held.The current direction change its direction in this state.
• Both the states are occuring in 0.5 seconds in their sample time.Thus DC supply converted  and feeded to the armature of the motor.
• Here free wheeling diodes are used as a safety purpose of this inverter circuit as when the flow of current on low values protects the circuit and machine by feed backing the current  or in high voltage fluctuvations voltage get splited as protection to the motor and circuit components. 
• In motor operation, armature terminals  are connected with a 240V along the inverter circuit and field windings are connected with 300 V DC suppy to act as a electro magnet for the motor.
• The load torque is given as mechanical input to the motor for its referance.
• Thus through this magnetic fields generated, variable current carring conductors in rotor armature produces forces according to fleming left hand rule principle. Thus the motor starts to rotate.
• Here run this demo model and study the results from scopes.

Result:

From the result scope we are getting,

Speed of motor:

• Initially increases to 0 to nearly 900 rpm upto 0.5 secs(Forward motoring action takes place).
• Then speed reduces to 0 rpm(Forward dynamic breaking action takes place).
• Then speed increases from 0 to -900 rpm at upto 1 sec( Reverse motoring action takes place).
• Then reverse dynasmic breaking occurs(Not shown in scope).

Load torque of motor:

• Initially torque increase from 0 to 0.5 secs in forward motoring action.
• Then torque reduces to 0 Nm in forward dynamic breaking mode.
• Then torque increases in reverse direction in reverse motoring action upto 1 sec.
• Again torque reduce to zero.(Not shown in scope).

B.Armature current shoot up in motor.

Here the initial current shoot up is due to sudden increase in voltage which inurns regulated by duty cycle.In this case motor driven in 75% of duty cycle.(i.e) 0.75*240= 180 V.

We can change the duty cycle to 50%(120 V) and seen the results as,

Sudden shoot up canceled in starting condition but slight shootup after 0.5 sec in reverse motoring condition.

Again changing duty cycle to say 35%,we get the result as,

The shoot up of current get dimlished on both the ends. 

Conclusion:

Thus to reduce the shootup armature currents we have to change the duty cycle gradually from 0 to 100%,that inturns increases voltage gradually and speed also changes accordingly.

c.

 

Connections:

Inputs and outputs:

Armature voltage ,speed referance ,motor torque referance are given as inputs.

Motor,convertor,controller,motor angular speed are get as outputs.

Working:

• Here Four Igbt switches are used.
• Here pulses are given from PI current controller, that controles the pulses by comparing armature current measurement and current referance.
• Current referance can be generated by using regulation switch in that torque referance and PI speed controller pulses,that internally compared by speed of motor and refrance speed given as input.
• Mainly speed controlled by current controller.
• In this case Four quadrant operations are performed.
• Forward motoring mode,forward regenerative breaking mode: Q1,Q4 are on and Q2,Q3 are in off.
• Reverse motoring mode,reverse regenerative breaking mode: Q2,Q3 are on and Q1,Q4 are in off.

Comparisons:

• In DC7 chopper model speed controlled by varying current pulses from PI current controller and in H-brige model speed controlled by varying duty cycles voltages.
• Here regenerative breaking in occring while in H-bridge model breaking is occured by changing polarity of current flow,dynamic breaking occurs in it.
• In four quadrant DC chopper model smoothing inductance is used for smooth increase and decrease in current flow which inturns controlling the motor speed smoothly,while in 
• H-bridge it is not present.
• Here the operation is discreat and in H-bridge model it is continuous.
• Hence 4 quadrant DC choppers are used mostly in electric vehicles.

Answer.02. -

If the semiconductor devices in power converter circuits are arranged appropriately, it can be used to control a variable DC drive. The speed and torque control of a DC motor can be forced by making it operative with the help of an H Bridge circuit in its different mode of operation. Here a chopper circuit is studied for the different modes of operation of a motor. We can classify chopper circuits according to their working.

Introduction

The DC motor is used in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of control. A chopper drive-based speed control is widely preferred as far as speed control is concerned. Choppers are mostly applied in electric cars, conversion of wind and solar energy, and DC motor regulators. A chopper uses the high speed to connect and disconnect from a source load. A fixed DC voltage is applied intermittently to the source load by continuously triggering the power switch ON/OFF. The period for which the power switch stays ON or OFF is referred to as the chopper’s ON and OFF state times, respectively.

What is a chopper?

 A dc‐to‐dc converter, also known as dc chopper, is a static device which is used to obtain a variable dc voltage from a constant dc voltage source. Choppers are widely used in trolley cars, battery-operated vehicles, traction motor control, control of large numbers of dc motors, etc. They are also used as dc voltage regulators. Choppers are of two types: (1) Step‐down choppers, and (2) Step‐up choppers. In step‐down choppers, the output voltage will be less than the input voltage, whereas in step‐up choppers output voltage will be more than the input voltage.

Two Quadrant Chopper 

In this type of Chopper, the average voltage will be always positive but the average load current might be positive or negative. The two Switches CH1 and CH2 should not be turned on simultaneously as the combined action may cause a short circuit in supply lines. For regenerative braking and motoring these type of chopper configuration is used.

We will always get a positive output voltage V₀  as the freewheeling diode  is present across the load. When the chopper mosfet1  is on the current flows from source to load. The inductor stores energy. When mosfet1 turn OFF  the freewheeling diode starts conducting and the output voltage v₀ will be equal to V_s. The direction of the load current i₀ will be reversed. The current i₀  will be flowing towards the source. The load current will be negative when the mosfet2 is on. The current completes its path through diode D2.

3. BLDC motor operations.

BLDC motor named as brushless dc motor having high effenciency than other types of motors.This motor is also known to be synchronous motor.

Construction:

Most of the motors are having brushes in their rotor as it transfers current into the rotor circuit.But here differently rotor is placed with permanent magnet.

The stator coil is wounded with coils,they are stationary but producing variable DC voltages for rotating the permanent magnet as changing the magnetic field of stator poles continuously.

The controlling of motor is by changing the magnitude and direction of current flowing through the stator windings.

   

A BLDC motor with three coils on the stator will have six electrical wires (two to each coil) extending from these coils. In most implementations three of these wires will be connected internally, with the three

remaining wires extending from the motor body. Wiring in the BLDC motor case is more complicated than simply connecting the power cell’s positive and negative terminals. we will look more closely at how

these motors work in the second session of this series.

Operation of BLDC motor:

We can consider three winding trminal are comming out as U,V,W and their another ends are connected in single point as shown in below figure.The angle shift between two coils makes 120 degree.

                      

The current moves from U to W makes magnetizing the coils attracts the rotor consisting of permanent magnet makes moment as shown above to align with the resultant arrow(larger arrow).

North pole of magnet towards arrow mark of resultant arrow.

Rotation is maintained by continually switching the flux so that the permanent magnet is constantly chasing the rotating magnetic field induced by the coils. In other words, energizing of U, V, and W must be

continually switched so that the resultant flux keeps moving, producing a rotating field that continually pulls on the rotor magnet.

The above movement are acheived by continuous change in current direction over two poles of stator at single time.But this is slightly not continuous in their rotation.

This makes motor vibration and noice will be produced.

So, to attain smooth continuous rotation of rotor we have to control the current flow through all the three poles in same time.

As shown below we can acheive continuous change in current flow in all stator poles at same time in 120 degree phase shift.

 

As we have seen, we drive BLDC motors by continually changing the directionality of the flux produced by the coils. The permanent magnets on the rotor continually chase the shifting rotating magnetic field,

causing the rotor to turn. 

This is the working of BLDC motor.

Advantages of BLDC motor:

• One big advantage is efficiency, as these motors can control continuously at maximum rotational force (torque).
• Even small BLDC motors can deliver considerable power.
• BLDC motors can be controlled, using feedback mechanisms, to delivery precisely the desired torque and rotation speed.
• Reduce energy consumption and heat generation.
• BLDC motors also offer high durability and low electric noise generation.
• The sparks will not be produced as brushed motor between brushes and commutators.

Control of BLDC motor: 

By using the inverter circuitry to also adjust the voltage into each coil, we can control the magnitude of the current.

A typical way to adjust the voltage is with pulse width modulation (PWM). We alter the voltage by lengthening or reducing the pulse ON time ( “Duty cycle”: the ON time

expressed as a ratio of the ON+OFF switching interval). Increasing the duty cycle has the same effect as raising the voltage,reducing the duty cycle has the same effect as lowering the current. 

PWM can be implemented using MPUs equipped with dedicated PWM hardware. While 120-degree conductiong control only requires two-phase voltage control.

sinusoidal control uses three-phase voltage control and is considerably more complicated as appropriate inverter circuitry is therefore essential for driving BLDC motors.