Week-4 Challenge WOT Condition Part-2
CASE 1:
MAPPED AND DYNAMIC MODEL:
Powertrain Blockset provides two types of combustion engine models: mapped and dynamic.
When we have an data based on motor or engine we can map the data in powertrain blockset and we can run the simulation based on the previous data that we mapped on the powertrain blockset,whereas in the dynamic the simulation runs based on the actual component representation.
MAPPED MODEL:
Mapped engines represent macro engine behavior as a set of lookup tables (brake torque, fuel flow, air mass flow, exhaust temperature, efficiency, and emissions) as functions of commanded load and measured engine speed.
Mapped engine models are suitable for analysis and design activities that do not require engine subsystem dynamic characteristics, for example, in engine and transmission powertrain matching analysis for fuel economy, emissions, and performance tradeoffs.
DYNAMIC MODEL:
Dynamic engines decompose engine behavior into individual component models that account for engine dynamics, most notably intake airflow and turbocharger dynamics.
You can switch between engine model types based on your application. Dynamic engine models are suitable for designing control, estimator, and diagnostic algorithms that depend on dynamic subsystem states, for example, in closed-loop AFR control algorithm development.
HOW TO CHANGE THE MAPPED AND DYNAMIC MODEL IN POWERTRAIN BLOCKSET:
We can change the mapped and dynamic model of the motor,engine and generator in the powertrain control module by selecting the motor ,engine and genenerator controller and then selecting between the motogenEv mapped and motogenEv dynamic and even we can change the model by VARIANT SUBSYSTEM COMMAND in the MATLAB
CASE2:
MILES PER GALLON:
Miles per gallon (MPG) is a fuel economy rating determined by how far a car can travel on a gallon of gasoline or diesel.
HOW DO THE MODEL CALCULATE MILES PER GALLON:
This above image clearly shows that how the model calculate miles per gallon,MPGe is determined by converting the vehicle consumption per unitdistance, as determined through computer modeling or completion of an actual
driving cycle.
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE MODEL FUEL FLOW:
factors considered in the model fuel flow are FUEL ECONOMY AND FUEL CONSUMPTION:
1.FUEL ECONOMY:
The Fuel economy of an automobile relates distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of fuel consumed. Consumption can be expressed in terms of volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance travelled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since importation of motor fuel can be a large part of a nation's foreign trade, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy. Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses (wind resistance, tire drag, and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the chemical energy in the fuel and the kinetic energy of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy braking waste energy.However electric cars do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures.
MAJOR FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE FUEL ECONOMY:
Vehicle speed
Engine speed
Motor torque
2.FUEL CONUMPTION TABLE:
Fuel consumption is the inverse of fuel economy. It is the amount of fuel consumed in driving a given distance.
CASE 3:
Run the HEV ReferenceApplication with WOT drive cycle.
WIDE OPEN THROTTLE:
This condition is when a driver opens the throttle to full or near fully open. Given the loss of vacuum, and the full air flow, the fuel response should be higher, but risks flooding the engine or wasting fuel into the catalytic converter.
HEV SeriesParallel model:
OUTPUT WITHOUT CHANGING THE WINDVELOCITY AND GRADE:
WIND VELOCITY PARAMETER BLOCK:
WIND VELOCITY :
The speed of air which opposes the object flow is said to be wind velocity.The horizontal direction and speed of air motion.
GRADE PARAMETER BLOCK:
GRADE:
The grade (also called slope, incline, gradient, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the HORIZONTAL.
in above block the grade is 5 it has been calculated (grade *(π/180)).
OUTPUT BY CHANGING THE WINDVELOCITY AND GRADE:
COMMENT:
The above output block clearly shows the change in speed of the vehicle based on the change done on the wind velocity and grade parameter.We know that the wind velocity and grade affects the vehicle speed lower the wind velocity and grade higher the vehicle speed.
CASE 4:
The simulated results of hybrid and pure electric powertrains
ELECTRIC VEHICLE:
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery,solar panels ,fuel cells or an generator to convert fuel to electricity.An EV is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases.
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of Hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system . The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fueleconomy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There is a variety of HEV types and the degree to which each function as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist .Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes which convert the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which is stored in a battery.HEV are powered by an internal combustion engine and an electricmotor, which uses energy stored in batteries. A HEV cannot be plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine.
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hev whose battery can be recharged by plugging it into an external source of electric power, as well as by its on-board engine and generator. Most PHEVs are passenger cars, but there are also PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, utility trucks, buses, trains, motorcycles and military vehicles.
There are three types of HEV such as SERIES HEV,PARALLEL HEV,SERIES-PARALLEL HEV.
SERIES HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE:
Series HEV is composed of ICE, generator, power converter, motor, and battery. There is no mechanical connection between ICE and transmission, thus ICE can operate at maximum efficient point by regulating the output power of battery to satisfy the required power of vehicle. But, the energy from the ICE transmits via generator and motor, so much more energy will be lost. Since the motor is the final and sole drive device, the motor must be larger enough to satisfy performance of vehicle, and thus the regenerative braking power almost can be stored in battery by motor.
PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE:
Parallel HEV allows both the electric motor and ICE to deliver power in parallel to drive the vehicle, that is, ICE and motor can drive, respectively, or together. Different from the series HEV, there is mechanical connection between ICE and transmission, and thus the ICE’s rotational speed depends on the driving cycle, so the ICE can operate based on optimal operating line by regulating the output power of battery.
SERIES PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE:
A series parallel HEV is the combination HEV which consists of mechanical line for transmission from both the engine and motor differs from series HEV and tehere is a generator which is been connected between the Parallel HEV.
The difference between the EV and HEV is the internal combustion part of an ic engine is present in Hev so they can use fuel as an another alternative source for a vehicle whereas in ev there is only battery module is present they can be only operated by electric power.