Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.

Chemical Name	Chemical Reaction at Anode	Chemical Reaction at Cathode	Overall Reaction
LCO(LiCOo2)	LinC6 ↔ C6 + nLi+ + ne-	CoO2 + Li+ + e- ↔ LiCoO2	LiCoO2 + C6 ↔ LiC6 + CoO2
LMO(LiMn2O2)	LinC6 ↔ C6 + nLi+ + ne-	Lim-nMn2O4 + nLi+ + ne- ↔ LimMnO2	LinC6 + Lim-nMn2O4 ↔ Li0C6 + LimMn2O4
NCA(LiNiCoAlO2)	LinC6 ↔ C6 + nLi+ + ne-	Lim-n(NixCoyAlz)O2 + nLi+ + ne- ↔ Lim(NixCoyAlz)O2	LinC6 + Lim-n(NixCoyAlz)O2 ↔ Li0C6 + Lim(NixCoyAlz)O2
NMC(LiNiMnCoO2)	LiC6 ↔ C6 + Li+ + e-	NiMnCoO2 + Li+ + e- ↔ LiNiMnCoO2	LiCoO2 + C6 ↔ LiC6 + CoO2
LFP(LiFePO4)	LinC6 ↔ C6 + nLi+ + ne-	Lim-nFePO4 + nLi+ + ne- ↔ LimFePO4	LinC6 + Lim-nFePO4 ↔ Li0C6 + LimFePO4
LTO(LiTiO3)	Li4Ti5O12 + 4Li+ + 4e- ↔ 4LiMn2O4	4Mn2PO4 + 4Li+ + 4e- ↔ 4LiMn2O4	Li4Ti5O12 + 4Mn2PO4 ↔ 4LiMn2O4 + Ti4O12

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Lithium cobalt oxide batteries are manufactured from lithium carbonate and cobalt. These batteries are used in cell phones, laptops, and electronic cameras because of their high specific energy. They have a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode, and lithium ions migrate from the anode to the cathode during discharge, with the flow reversing when the battery is charged.

The electrolyte is a lithium salt in liquid or gel form and allows the ions to flow from the cathode to the anode (and vice versa).

This battery has a few disadvantages, including short battery life and low specific power. These batteries are not as safe as other varieties. Despite this, they are a popular choice for cell phones and other portable electronic devices because of their properties

• High energy density
• Thermal stability
• High specific power
• Low self-discharge rate
• Low weight
• Recyclability

LMO: Lithium Mahganese Oxide :

Lithium-manganese dioxide cells have a metallic lithium anode (the lightest of all the metals) and a solid manganese dioxide cathode, immersed in a non-corrosive, non-toxic organic electrolyte. They deliver a voltage of 3.0 V and are cylindrical, button, and polymer in shape.

High-temperature stability distinguishes lithium manganese oxide batteries from others, which are also safer than other lithium-ion battery types. As a result, they’re frequently found in medical equipment and devices, but they can also be used in power tools, electric motorcycles, and other applications. They can also be used to power laptop computers and electric vehicles.

Features:

• Low self-discharge (less than 1 % per year at RT)
• Superior shelf life and operational life
• High Capacity or High rate cell construction
• No Memory Effect
• No need for expensive safety electronics
• Operation over a wide temperature range (-20ºC up to 60ºC )
• 0% lead, 0% mercury and 0% cadmium
• Product support worldwide is available for the design engineer
• Battery designs in various assembles
• With wire connector
• In plastic housing with high-tech materials
• High Capacity for longer running time
• Low self-discharge for long life
• UL Recognition
• Safe & reliable

• NCA: Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide batteries:

  NCA batteries, or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries, are making their way into electric vehicles and grid storage.

  Though NCA batteries are not widely used in consumer electronics, they have great potential in the automobile industry. NCA batteries offer a high-energy choice with a long lifespan, but they are less safe than other lithium-ion battery types and are rather expensive. To ensure driver safety, NCA batteries must be accompanied by monitoring systems.

  Given the widespread use of NCA batteries in electric vehicles, demand for these batteries may increase as the number of electric vehicles grows.

  Less Safe

  Moderate Life span

  Moderate performance

Nickel Manganese Cobalt : NMC:

A cathode combination of nickel, manganese, and cobalt is one of the most successful Li-ion systems. These systems, like Li-manganese, can be modified to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells.

NMC in a 18650 cell for moderate load conditions has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can produce 4A to 5A; NMC in the same cell can be optimized for specific power. It can have a capacity of just about 2,000mAh but can deliver a continuous discharge current of 20A.

The capacity of a silicon-based anode can be increased to 4,000mAh and beyond, but at the cost of reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life.

The anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable. Silicon added to graphite has the disadvantage of growing and shrinking with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.

For power tools, e-bikes, and other electric powertrains, NMC is the battery of choice. The cathode is commonly made up of one-third nickel, one-third manganese, and one-third cobalt, or 1-1-1. This creates a distinctive blend while also lowering the cost of raw materials due to the lower cobalt percentage. NCM, which consists of 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt, and 2 parts manganese, is another excellent combination (5-3-2). It’s possible to make other combinations with different amounts of cathode materials.

To increase capacity, new electrolytes and additives are used that enable charging to 4.4V/cell and higher. There is a trend toward NMC-blended Li-ion since the system is cost-effective and provides good performance. Nickel, manganese, and cobalt are three active materials that may be easily combined to suit a wide range of automotive and energy storage systems (EES) applications that require frequent cycling.

LFP:

The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO
4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion-battery using lithium iron phospate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material, and a graphite carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. The energy density of an LFP battery is lower than that of other common lithium-ion battery types such as Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA), and also has a lower operating voltage

Phosphate is used as a cathode in lithium iron phosphate batteries. They have low resistance qualities, which improve their thermal stability and safety.

Durability and a long lifecycle are other advantages – fully charged batteries can be kept with no effect on the battery’s overall charge life. When the lengthy battery life of Li-phosphate batteries is considered, they are frequently the most cost-effective option. The lower voltage of the lithium-phosphate battery, on the other hand, means that it has less energy than other lithium batteries.

These batteries are frequently used in electric bikes and other applications requiring a long lifecycle and high levels of safety. These batteries are also commonly used in electric vehicles.

Uses:

These are widely used in passenger cars, buses, logistics vehicles, low-speed electric vehicles, etc. due to their safety and low-cost advantages.

LTO:lithium-titanium-oxide :

Lithium titanate is a type of battery that has a growing number of uses. Because of its superior nanotechnology, the lithium-titanate battery has an extremely rapid recharge time.

Li-titanate batteries are being employed by makers of electric vehicles and bicycles, and this type of battery has the potential to be used in electric buses for public transit. However, these batteries have a lower intrinsic voltage or energy density than other lithium-ion battery types, which might cause problems when it comes to efficiently powering automobiles. Despite this, lithium titanate batteries have a higher density than non-lithium-ion batteries, which is a benefit.

These batteries can also be used in military and aerospace applications, as well as storing wind and solar energy and constructing smart grids. According to Battery Space, these batteries could be employed in power system system-critical backups.

2.

Properties

LCO

LMO

NCA

NMC

LFP

LTO

Voltage	3.60 NV	3.70 Nv	3.60 Nv	3.60Nv	3.20	2.40Nv
Specific Energy	1500 - 200 Wh/kg	100-150Wh/kg	200-260	150-220	90-120	50-80 Wh/kg
Charge Rate	0.7 - 1C	0.7-1C	0.7C	0.7-1C	1C	1C
Discharge Rate	1C	1C, some have 10C	1C	1C-2C	1C-25C	10C -30C
Cycle Life	500-100	300-700	500	1000-2000	2000	3000-7000
Thermal Runaway	150 Deg Cent	250 Deg Cent	150 Deg Cant	210 Deg Cent	270 Deg Cent	Safest Battery
Cost			350 dollars per Kwh	420 Dollar per kWh	580 Dollar per kWh	1000 Dollar per kWh
Applications	Mobiles, Laptops,	power tools,Electric powertrains	Medical, Electric power train (Tesla)	E-bikes, EV, Insdustries	Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance up	UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting