Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Aim:

To make a study and understand about the electrochemistry of different types of lithium ion cells

Questions:

1. Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, IMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.

Battery:

• A Battery is a gadget comprising of at least one electrochemical cells with outside associations for driving electrical gadgets like spotlights, cell phones and electric vehicles.

• At the point when a battery is providing electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its adverse terminal is the anode.

• The terminal stamped negative is the wellspring of electrons that will move through an outside electric circuit to the positive terminal

• At the point when a battery is associated with an outside electric burden, a Redox response switches high energy reactants over completely to bring down energy items, and the free energy contrast is conveyed to the outer circuit as electrical energy

There are two types of batteries,

1. Primary cell: These batteries are one time use batteries and they cannot be recharged for further usage.
2. Secondary cell: These batteries can be recharged and can be used for multiple times

Lithium ion Cell:

• The Lithium ion batteries are secondary type of batteries which can be recharged for further usage.
• The Lithium ion cells have four main Components in it and they are.

(i) Cathode

(i) Anode

(iii) Electrolyte

(iv) Separator

(I) Cathode: They are the positive anodes of the cell. The cathode terminal is typically comprised of:

1. Layered Progress metal oxides Has high Limit however high in cost and poor in wellbeing.
2. Spinals - High power Thickness however poor in conductivity and steadiness.
3. Olive ness-Remains limit however has long life and are high in wellbeing

(ii) Anode: They are the negative cathodes of the cell. The anode terminal is normally comprised of,

1. Graphite
2. Hard Carbon, these anodes are less in cost and high in strength and explicit limit.

(iii) Electrolyte: An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent.

• The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent.
• Generally Lithium ion cells have electrolytes of Organic solvents such as, Ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate and lithium salt as solute.

(iv) Seperator:

• Battery separators provide a barrier between the anode (negative) and the cathode (positive) while enabling the exchange of lithium ions from one side to the other.
• They are materials that conducts ions but they do not conduct the electrons through them.
• Li-ion cells use polyolefin as a separator. This material has excellent mechanical properties, good chemical stability and is low-cost as well.

Working of Lithium ion cell:

• The battery is comprised of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, and two current gatherers (positive and negative), the anode and cathode store the lithium.

• The electrolyte conveys decidedly charged lithium particles from the anode to the cathode as well as the other way around through the separator.

• The development of the lithium particles makes free electrons in the anode which makes a charge at the positive current gatherer.

• The electrical flow then, at that point, streams from the flow gatherer through a gadget being fueled (wireless, PC, Electric engine and so on) to the negative flow gatherer. The separator hinders the progression of electrons inside the battery.

• While the battery is releasing and giving an electric flow, the anode discharges lithium particles to the cathode, creating a progression of electrons from one side to the next.

• While charging the inverse occurs, where Lithium particles are delivered by the cathode and got by the anode.

• This is the functioning guideline of a lithium-particle battery.

Types of Lithium ion battery:

There are some types of lithium ion cells based on their chemical compositions and they are

1. Lithium cobalt oxide-LiCoO2 (LCO)

• Also known as lithium cobalt or lithium-ion cobalt batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from lithium carbonate and cobalt
• They have a cobalt oxide cathode and use graphite carbon as their anode material; during discharge, lithium ions move from anode to cathode, with the flow reversing when the battery is charging.

This type of battery has some drawbacks, including a relatively short battery life and limited specific power. additionally, these batteries are not as safe as other types.

2. Lithium Manganese Oxide - LiMn204 (LMO)

• The first commercial lithium-ion cells made with lithium manganese oxide as a cathode material were produced in1996 by Moli energy.
• Lithium manganese oxide batteries are notable for their high-temperature stability and are also safer than other lithium-ion battery types
• For this reason, they are often used in medical equipment and devices, but they may also be used in power tools, electric bikes, and more
• It is also possible to use lithium manganese oxide batteries to power laptops and electric powertrain cars.

3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide-LINICOAIO2 (NCA)

• Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries are also called NCA batteries and are becoming increasingly important in electric powertrains and in grid storage.
• NCA batteries are not common in the consumer industry but are promising for the automotive industry.
• NCA batteries provide a high-energy option with a good lifespan, but they are not as safe as they could be compared to other lithium-ion battery types and are quite costly

4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide - LiMnCoO2 (NMC)

• Also known as lithium manganese cobalt oxide or NMC batteries, include a cathode made of a combination of nickel, manganese, and cobalt.
• Like other lithium-ion battery varieties, NMC batteries can have either a high specific energy density or a high: specific power. They cannot, however, have both properties
• This battery type is most common in power tools and in powertrains for vehicles.

• The cathode combination ratio is usually 60 percent nickel 20 percent manganese and 20 percent cobalt. This means that the raw material cost is lower than it is for other lithium-ion battery options, as cobalt can be quite expensive.
• These batteries may come down in price further in the future, as some battery makers are planning to switch their
• battery chemistry to a higher % of Nickel so that they can use less cobalt
• This battery type is commonly preferred for electric vehicles due to its very low self-heating rate.

5. Lithium Iron Phosphate-LiFePO4 (LFP)

• Lithium iron phosphate batteries, also known as li-phosphate batteries, use phosphate as a cathode. They benefit from low resistance properties, which enhance their safety and thermal stability.
• Other benefits include durability and a long lifecycle of fully charged batteries that can be stored with little change to the total lifespan of the battery's charge.
• Li-phosphate batteries are often the most cost-effective option as well when their long battery life is taken into consideration. However, the lower voltage of the li-phosphate battery means that it has less energy than other types of lithium batteries.
• Accordingly, these batteries are often used in electric motorcycles as well as other applications that need a long lifecycle and significant safety.

6. Lithium Titanium Oxide-LITIO2 (LTO)

• Finally, lithium titanate, also known as li-titanate, is a class of battery that allows for ever-increasing applications. The main advantage of the li-titanate battery is its remarkably fast recharge time.
• Currently, manufacturers of electric vehicles and bikes use li-titanate batteries, and there is potential for this type of battery to be used in electric buses for public transportation
• However, these batteries have lower inherent voltage or lower energy density, than other lithium-ion battery varieties, which can present issues with powering vehicles efficiently. Even so, the density of lithium titanate batteries is still higher than other non-lithium-ion batteries, which is a plus.

2. Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion battery based on their characteristics

Li-ion cell type	Cathode	Anode	Electrolyte	Separator	Reaction on anode and cathode	Application
LCO	Graphite	Lithium cobalt oxide	Ethylene carbonate +polyolefin	Li-xCoO2(s)+xLi+xe	LiCoO2(s)	Mobiles phones, laptops and digital cameras
LMO	Lithium manganese oxide	Graphite carbon	Methyl carbonate Li salt+polyolefin	Mn2++2LiC6	Mn+2Li++graphite	Power tools, medical devices, electric power trains.
NCA	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Aluminium	Graphite Carbon	Propylene carbonate Li salt+ Polyolefin	Li(1-x)NIO2	(2-x)u(1-x)/(2-x)Nil/(2-x)0 + x/202	Medical devices, industrial, Electric powertrain (Tesla)
NMC	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Manganese	Lithium metal Graphite	Methyl carbonate Li-salt+ Polyolefin	Li(x)MO2(s)	Li+(org)+ Li(x-1)MO2(s) + e	E-bikes, medical devices, EVS.
LFP	Comprised of Lithium Iron & Phosphate	Graphite Carbon	Propylene carbonate Li salt+ Polyolefin	LiFePO	FePO +Li+e-	Industrial Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance UPS, electric powertrain