Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it.

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Most devices like smartphones and laptops cannot operate without these batteries. Lithium-ion batteries have also become very important in the field of electromobility as it is now the battery of choice in most electric vehicles. Its high specific energy gives it an advantage over other batteries.

Materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.

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Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2). LiCoO2 is the most commonly used cathode material. LiCoO2 batteries have very stable capacities, although their capacities are lower than those based on nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) oxides. However, cobalt is relatively expensive compared to other transition metals, such as manganese and iron, despite the attractive electrical properties of LiCoO2 cathodes. Currently, we can find this type of battery in mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and cameras.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4). LiMn2O4 is a promising cathode material with a cubic spinel structure. LiMn2O4 is one of the most studied manganese oxide-based cathodes because it contains inexpensive materials. A further advantage of this battery is enhanced safety and high thermal stability, but the cycle and calendar life is limited. This type of battery is found in power tools, medical devices, and powertrains.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) – NCA. In 1999, Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, appeared in some special applications, and it is similar to the NMC. It offers high specific energy, a long life span, and a reasonably good specific power. NCA’s usable charge storage capacity is about 180 to 200 mAh/g. The capacity of NCA is significantly higher than that of alternative materials such as LiCoO2 with 148 mAh/g, LiFePO4 with 165 mAh/g, and NMC 333 (LiNi0,33Mn0,33Co0,33O2)with 170 mAh/g. The voltage of these batteries is between 3.6 V and 4.0 V, at a nominal voltage of 3.6 V or 3.7 V. Another advantage of NCA is its excellent fast charging capability. Nevertheless, its weak points are the limited resources of cobalt and nickel and the high cost.

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Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) – NMC. Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries contain a cathode made of a combination of nickel, manganese, and cobalt. NMC is one of the most successful cathode combinations in Li-ion systems. It can be tailored to serve as energy cells or power cells like Li-manganese. NMC batteries are used for power tools, e-bikes, and other electric powertrains.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) – LFP. LiFePO4 is one of the most recent cathode materials to be introduced. As of 2017, LiFePO4 is a candidate for large-scale production of lithium-ion batteries, such as electric vehicle applications, due to its low cost, excellent safety, and high cycle durability. The energy density of an LFP battery is lower than that of other common lithium-ion battery types, such as Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC). Because of their lower cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life, and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power. Working voltage = 3.0 ~ 3.3 V. Cycle life ranges from 2,700 to more than 10,000 cycles depending on conditions.

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Lithium Titanate (LTO) battery
Lithium Titanate offers high safety, high performance, and a high lifespan which are very important features every battery should have. Its specific energy is low compared to the five other lithium-ion batteries, but it compensates for this with moderate specific power. The only major disadvantage of lithium titanate as compared to the other lithium-ion batteries is its extremely high cost. Another important feature of this battery worthy of mention is its remarkably fast recharge time. It can be used for storing solar energy and creating smart grids.

• Specific energy: approximately 30-110Wh/kg
• Energy density: as high as 177 Wh/L
• Specific power: 3,000-5,100 W/kg (peak load)
• Discharge efficiency: approximately 85%; charge efficiency over 95% (low-rate)
• Energy/consumer-price: 0.5 Wh/dollar
• Service or shelf life: >10 years (some to 20 years)
• Self-discharge: 2-5 %/month
• Cycle durability: 6,000 cycles to 90% capacity (some models >10,000 cycles)
• Nominal cell voltage: 1.9 to 2.4V (Toshiba SCiB cells 1.5-2.7V operating; 2.3V nominal)
• Cut-off voltage: 1.5V typical (some at 1.7V)
• Temperature: -40 to +55°C (extended models)
• Charging technique is using standard constant current, followed by constant voltage until the amps threshold is reached.

Chemistry (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ — some Companies are proprietary)
Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ + 6LiCoO₂ ← → Li₇Ti₅O₁₂ + 6Li_0.5CoO₂ (E=2.1V) (patented).

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2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics.

There are different types of lithium-ion batteries and the main difference between them lies in their cathode materials. Different kinds of lithium-ion batteries offer different features, with trade-offs between specific power, specific energy, safety, lifespan, cost, and performance.The six lithium-ion battery types that we will be comparing are Lithium Cobalt Oxide, Lithium Manganese Oxide, Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide, Lithium Iron Phosphate, Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide, and Lithium Titanate. Firstly, understanding the key terms below will allow for a simpler and easier comparison.

Lithium-ion battery Types	Specific Power(SP)	Specific Energy(SE)	Safety(SF)	Lifespan(LS)	Cost(CS)	Performance(PF)
Lithium Cobalt Oxide	LOW	HIGH	LOW	LOW	LOW	MODERATE
Lithium Manganese Oxide	MODERATE	MODERATE	MODERATE	LOW	LOW	LOW
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	MODERATE	HIGH	MODERATE	MODERATE	LOW	MODERATE
Lithium Iron Phosphate	HIGH	LOW	HIGH	HIGH	LOW	MODERATE
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide	MODERATE	HIGH	LOW	MODERATE	MODERATE	MODERATE
Lithium Titanate	MODERATE	LOW	HIGH	HIGH	HIGH	HIGH