Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
Aim: 1) To prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium-ion cells.
2) To compare the difference between each type of lithium-ion batteries based on their characteristics.
Objective: To know different types of lithium-ion battery and their characteristics. Also, to understand materials used and chemical reaction in these batteries.
Answer 1:
The materials used and chemical reactions occurring at anode and cathode of different types of Lithium- ion batteries are shown below in table.
|
Battery Type |
LCO |
LMO |
NCA |
NMC |
LFP |
LTO |
|
Full Name |
Lithium Cobalt Oxide |
Lithium Manganese Oxide |
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide |
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide |
Lithium Iron Phosphate |
Lithium Titanium Oxide |
|
Chemical Formula |
`LiCoO_2` | `LiMn_2O_4` | `LiNiCoAlO_2` | `LiNiMnCo_2` | `LiFePO_4` | `Li_2TiO_3` |
|
Anode Material |
Graphite |
Graphite |
Graphite |
Graphite |
Graphite |
Lithium Titanate |
|
Cathode Material |
Lithium Cobalt Oxide |
Lithium Manganese Oxide |
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide |
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide |
Lithium Iron Phosphate |
Lithium Manganese Oxide |
|
Electrolyte |
Ethylene Carbonate |
Lithium Halide |
Lithium Salt |
Ethylene Carbonate |
Ethylene Carbonate |
Lithium Salt |
|
Separator |
Polyolefin |
Polyolefin |
Polyolefin |
Polyolefin |
Polyolefin |
Polyolefin |
|
Anode Reaction |
`6C+xe^(-)+xLi^(+)harrLi_xC_6` | `xLi^(+)+xe^(-)+6CharrLi_xC_6` | `xLi^(+)+xe^(-)+6CharrLi_xC_6` | `xLi^(+)+xe^(-)+nCharrLi_xC_n` | `xLi^(+)+xe^(-)+6CharrLi_xC_6` | `Ti_5O_12+4Li^(+)+4e^(-)harrLi_4Ti_5O_12` |
|
Cathode Reaction |
`LiCoO_2harrLi_(1-x)CoO_2+xLi^(+)+xe^-` | `LiMnO_2harrLi_(1-x)Mn_2O_4+xLi^(+)+xe^(-)` | `LiNiCoAlO_2harrLi_(1-x)NiCoAl_2O_2+xLi^(+)+xe^(-)` | `LiMO_2harrLi_(1-x)M_2O_4+xLi^(+)+xe^(-)` | `LiFePO_4harrLi_(1-x)FePO_4+xLi^(+)+xe^-` | `4LiMn_2O_4harr4Mn_2O_4+4Li^(+)+4e^-` |
|
Overall Reaction |
`LiCoO_2+6CharrCoO_2+LiC_6` | `LiMn_2O_4+6CharrLiC_6+Mn_2O_4` | `LiNiCoAlO_2+6CharrLiC_6+CoAlO_2` | `Li_(1-x)MO_2+Li_xC_nharrLiMO_2+nC` | `LiFePO_4+6CharrLiC_6+FePO_4` | `Li_4Ti_5O_12+4Mn_2O_4harr4LiMn_2O_4+Ti_5O_12` |
Answer 2:
- Comparison of different types of Lithium-ion batteries based on their cost, specific power, safety, life span, performance and capacity are shown below in Figure 1.
Figure 1
- Comparison of the characteristics of these batteries is shown below in table.
|
Battery Type |
LCO |
LMO |
NCA |
NMC |
LFP |
LTO |
|
Voltages |
3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell |
3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell |
3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell |
3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell, or higher |
3.20, 3.30V nominal; typical operating range 2.5–3.65V/cell |
2.40V nominal; typical operating range 1.8–2.85V/cell |
|
Capacity |
150–200Wh/kg. Specialty cells provide up to 240Wh/kg. |
100–150Wh/kg |
200-260Wh/kg; 300Wh/kg predictable |
150–220Wh/kg |
90–120Wh/kg |
50–80Wh/kg |
|
Charge |
0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V (most cells); 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life. |
0.7–1C typical, 3C maximum, charges to 4.20V (most cells) |
0.7C, charges to 4.20V (most cells), 3h charge typical, fast charge possible with some cells |
0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V, some go to 4.30V; 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life. |
1C typical, charges to 3.65V; 3h charge time typical |
1C typical; 5C maximum, charges to 2.85V |
|
Discharge |
1C; 2.50V cut off. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life. |
1C; 10C possible with some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off |
1C typical; 3.00V cut-off; high discharge rate shortens battery life |
1C; 2C possible on some cells; 2.50V cut-off |
1C, 25C on some cells; 40A pulse (2s); 2.50V cut-off (lower that 2V causes damage) |
10C possible, 30C 5s pulse; 1.80V cut-off on LCO/LTO |
|
Cycle Life |
500–1000, related to depth of discharge, load, temperature |
300–700 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) |
500 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) |
1000–2000 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) |
2000 and higher (related to depth of discharge, temperature) |
3,000–7,000 |
|
Thermal Runaway |
150°C (302°F). Full charge promotes thermal runaway |
250°C (482°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway |
|
210°C (410°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway |
270°C (518°F) Very safe battery even if fully charged |
One of safest Li-ion batteries |
|
Applications |
Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras |
Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains |
Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla) |
E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial |
Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance |
UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting |
Reference:
- https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-205-types-of-lithium-ion