Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it
Attached the excel.
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2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics
LFP consists of phosphate in the cathode material. It offers higher thermal stability but moderate specific energy and a
lower nominal voltage than some other types of Li-ion batteries. The key benefits are high current rating and long
cycle life, as well as enhanced safety and tolerance if abused. The cost of LFP is lowest among different types of Li-ion
batteries.
NMC consists of different portions of each of nickel, manganese and cobalt in the cathode material. The advantage of
NMC are that its structure can be adapted to the purpose of use, for example to obtain high capacity or high specific
power. In addition, it has higher energy density compared to other variants, such as LFP and LMO. However, its
thermal stability is poor compared to LFP
NCA is a development of lithium-nickel oxide, with added aluminum to increase stability. The specific energy density
for NCA is similar or even higher than NMC. The battery is mostly used for high energy applications such as electric
vehicles. Disadvantages are the safety and cost.
LMO consists manganese oxide in the cathode material. The structure of the cell provides low internal resistance, and
thereby fast charging time, as well as thermal stability. The disadvantage of the LMO is that it has both a shorter
lifespan and a shorter cycling life
LCO consists of a cobalt oxide cathode. It offers a high specific energy. The drawback of LCO is a relatively short life
span, low thermal stability and limited specific power.
LTO : All of the previous lithium battery types we have discussed are unique in the chemical makeup of the cathode material. Lithium titanate (LTO) batteries replace the graphite in the anode with lithium titanate and use LMO or NMC as the cathode chemistry.
The result is an extremely safe battery with a long lifespan that charges faster than any other lithium battery type.
Specific energy: This defines the battery capacity in weight (Wh/kg). The capacity relates to the runtime. Products requiring long runtimes at moderate load are optimized for high specific energy.
Specific power: It's the ability to deliver a high current and indicates loading capability. Batteries for power tools are made for high specific power and come with a reduced specific energy.
Performance: This measures how well the battery works over a wide range of temperatures. Most batteries are sensitive to heat and cold and require climate control. Heat reduces life, and cold lowers performance temporarily.
Lifespan: This reflects cycle life and longevity and is related to factors such as temperature, depth of discharge, and load. Hot climates accelerate capacity loss. Cobalt blended lithium-ion batteries also usually have a graphite anode that limits the cycle life.
Safety: This relates to factors such as the thermal stability of the materials used in the batteries. The materials should have the ability to sustain high temperatures before becoming unstable. Instability can lead to thermal runaway in which flaming gases are vented. Fully charging the battery and keeping it beyond the designated age reduces safety.
Cost: Demand for electric vehicles has generally been lower than anticipated and this is mainly due to the cost of lithium-ion batteries. Hence cost is a huge factor when selecting the type of lithium-ion battery.