Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

Solution :

The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is made of one or more power-generating compartments called cells. Each cell has essentially three components.- positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte.

A positive electrode connects to the battery's positive or + terminal. A negative electrode connects to the negative or − terminal. And a chemical called an electrolyte in between them.

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The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode.The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector. The electrical current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered (cell phone, computer, etc.) to the negative current collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery.

While the battery is discharging and providing an electric current, the anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, generating a flow of electrons from one side to the other. When plugging in the device, the opposite reaction happens, the cathode releases lithium ions and anode receives them. This is how the Lithium-ion battery works.

For Explaining Chemical Reaction take LCO Battery :

1.How lithium cobalt oxide battery works

What happens when you charge it,

While charging, at the external electric field, lithium elements in the LiCoO2 molecules of the anode material become lithium ion with positive charge, which moves from the anode to cathode. After chemical reaction with the carbon atoms of the cathode, LiC6 is formed, which is stably embedded into the layered graphite cathode.

Anode: LiCoO2 = Li1 + CoO2+ Li+e-

Cathode: 6C+ Li + e- = LiC6

What happens when you discharge

When discharging, on the contrary, in the internal electric field turns, Li+ breaks away from the cathode, goes along the direction of the electric field, returns to the anode, and then becomes LiCoO2. The more lithium ions involved in back-and-forth embedding and disembedding activities, the more energy the battery can store.

Anode: Li + CoO2+ e－=LiCoO2

Cathode: LiC6=6C+Li+e-

Item	LCO	LMO	NMC	NCA	LFP	LTO
Cathode	LiCoO2	LiMn2O4	LiNiMnCoO2	LiNiCoAlO2	LiFePO4	LiMn2O4
Anode	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Li2TiO3
Chemical Reaction	Cathode: CoO2 + Li + e- --> LiCoO2 Anode: LiC6 ---> C6 + Li+ + e- Complete : LiC6 + CoO2 <--> C6 +LiCoO2	Mn2O4 + Li + e- --> LiMn2O4 LiC6 ---> C6 + Li+ + e- LiC6 +Mn2O4<-->C6+LiMn2O4	NiMnCoO2 + Li + e- -->LiNiMnCoO2 LiC6 ---> C6 + Li+ + e- LiC6 +NiMnCoO2 <--> C6 +LiNiMnCoO2	NiCoAlO2 + Li + e- -->LiNiCoAlO2 LiC6 ---> C6 + Li+ + e- LiC6 +NiCoAlO2 <--> C6 +LiNiCoAlO2	FePO4 + Li + e- -->LiFePO4 LiC6 ---> C6 + Li+ + e- LiC6 +FePO4 <-->C6 + LiFePO4	Mn2O4+ Li + e- -->LiMn2O4 Li2TiO3 -->TiO3+ 2Li+ + 2e- Li2TiO3 +2Mn2O4<-->2LiMn2O4+TiO3
Voltage	3.6V Nominal; Typical Operating Range: 3.0-4.2V/cell	3.7V Nominal; Typical Operating Range: 3.0-4.2V/cell	3.6V,3.7V Nominal; Typical Operating Range: 3.0-4.2V/Cell	3.6V Nominal; Typical Operating Range: 3.0-4.2V/cell	3.2V,3.3V Nominal; Typical Operating Range: 2.5-3.65V/cell	2.4V Nominal; Typical Operating Range: 1.8-2.85V/cell
Specific Energy	150-200Wh/Kg	100-150Wh/Kg	150-220Wh/Kg	200-260Wh/Kg	90-120Wh/Kg	90-80Wh/Kg
C-Rate(Charge)	0.7-1C charges to 4.2V; Above 1C Shorten Battery Life	0.7-1C charges to 4.2V. 3C Maximum	0.7-1C charges to 4.2V; Above 1C Shorten Battery Life	0.7 charges to 4.2V; Fast Charge Possible	1C typical,charges to 3.65V 3h charge time typical	1C typical,5C Maximum, charges to 2.85V
C-Rate(Discharge)	1C,2.5V Cut Off Above 1C Shorten battery Life	1C,10C possible with some cells 30C pulse(5s)2.5 cut off	1C,2C possible on some cells, 2.5V cut off	1C typical,3.0V cut off;	1C,25C on some cells; 40A pulse(2s);cut off 2.5V	10C Possible, 30C 5s pulse 1.80Vcut off
Tap density (g/cm3)	2.8	2.2	2.6	2.6	1	1.68
Compaction density (g/cm3)	4.2	3	3.6	3.6	2.2	2.43
Cycling life	better	worse	ordinary	ordinary	best	better
Transition metal	scarce	most abundant	more abundant	more abundant	most abundant	shortage
material costs	more expensive	cheap	expensive	expensive	cheap	expensive
Environmental protection	contain cobalt	non-toxic	contain nickel and cobalt	contain nickel and cobalt	non-toxic	non-toxic
safety performance	bad	good	better	better	best	better