Study and proposal of novel double solenoid loop concept for levitation and propulsion of hyperloop pod and various subsystems to be fitted on board for hyperloop pod

A Mayaksha Hyperloop train- Double solenoid loop type linear motors concept for electrodynamic levitation and propulsion.
Year -2011/2019
Presented to and approved by - Delft hyperloop
Concept-Final assignment for hyperloop course
Mayaksha Train - Future of transportation
Abstract - In this present era of ultrafast transportation, we must possess such modes of transportation, which we can rely on both technically and needwise. Today, I'm presenting this Mayaksha train concept which is similar to the current hyperloop train and I conceived it in 2011 when I saw a magnetic field diagram with magnetic force lines. That day I thought we could use the orientation of magnetic force lines inside and outside the magnet to achieve repulsion and this repulsion can be used as a propulsive mode for transportation. It is basically a double solenoid loop placed on the vehicle and the inner side of vacuum tubes respectively. Out of which inner solenoid loop receives alternating current and creates a magnetic field in the inner loop and creates repulsion for levitation through its infinite small segment by eddy current generation in outer loop and propulsion is achieved by force of attraction between two solenoid loops. For a particular vehicle, we can use disc brakes mounted on wheels for braking along with electromagnet being moved closer to track in addition to acceleration achieved through reducing the number of active turns on an inner loop by sliding jockey as like used in Wheatstone network.
All other factors like safety, structure, material, power should be taken care of while designing.
Construction of Mayaksha train -
This concept mainly consists of two parts and those are inner solenoidal loop on the pod and outer solenoid made of conducting material fix in vacuum tube while manufacturing of tubes. This vacuum tube should have an emergency exit, a sensor for locating pod, electricity supply lines at the top, and track at the bottom.
Inner solenoid loop should be wrapped around the vehicle and connected to power supply lines through pantograph mounted on the pod, step up and step down transformer for changing frequency and intensity of the alternating current.
Hyperloop pod should have a control panel in front with all mechanisms to control pod and seating arrangements for the controller like racing cars to save space. Automated air locked emergency doors should be placed at the rear end and at the front end of the pod. Each pod should have batteries at the rear end for emergency travel to nearby exit by operating electric motor connected to wheels. Each pod should have a navigation system and automated fire extinguisher, oxygen level, and air pressure controller along with an automated seal for the passenger cabin. Disc brakes and electromagnets along with an automated +mechanical lever should be placed at the bottom side of the vehicle.

Here we can use linear motors and this concept is nothing but an extension of that principle.
Levitation -levitation can be achieved by electrodynamic suspension methods along with landing wheels.
Principle of levitation -whenever alternating current passes through the inner loop of the hyperloop train, it will generate changing magnetic flux in the outer loop. This changing magnetic flux will induce an eddy current in the outer loop in opposite directions of current in the inner loop. This eddy current in the outer loop will create localize repulsion between the inner loop and outer loop and thus levitation can be achieved with a double solenoid concept.

Propulsion - acceleration, and deceleration of the vehicle can be achieved by varying the number of active turns carrying current by traversing jockey over the inner loop, varying intensity, and frequency of the alternating current in the inner loop.

Whenever alternating current passes through the inner loop, it will create a magnetic dipole for the entire inner solenoid loop with S pole at the front and N pole at the rear. At the same time, the induced current in the outer loop creates N pole close S pole On inner loop or vehicle and S pole forms ahead of the pod. By looking at magnetic lines of force for outer loop and inner loop, it can be seen that line of force for outer loop directed from S pole to N pole inside the tube and it is directed from N pole to S pole outside the inner loop, thus magnetic force lines of repulsion between two loops at poles of inner loop cancel each other and resultant force on pod will be due to force of attraction between magnetic force lines parallel to the length of the pod. In this way, propulsion of the vehicle can be achieved inside vacuum tubes.
Advantages -
Both levitation and propulsion can be achieved by a double solenoid concept with electrodynamic repulsion.
Acceleration and deceleration can be achieved by varying the number of active turns carrying current by traversing jockey over the inner loop.
Electric current can be supplied by an overhead cable attached to the inner side of the vacuum tube through a pantograph.

For emergency propulsion, we can use wheels driven by an electric motor operated by battery onboard.
Disadvantages - onboard transformer, battery, electric motor are required.
Braking-
Whenever we have to stop the vehicle without harming people we have to consider the g force acting on passenger, fail-safe mechanism, and weight. As we can see vehicles can be stopped by disc brakes mounted on wheels and electromagnet being moved closed to track.
Advantage -disc brakes are more reliable for braking along with power cutoff and for emergency braking, we can move electromagnet closed to track.

Power and electronic -
Power can be supplied by an overhead cable attached to the inner side of the vacuum tube through the photograph.
The location of the pod can be calculated through encoder placed in track along with the current navigation system.
Safety of pod-Automated emergency exit, automated pressure regulator, automated fire extinguisher, sealing mechanism, and oxygen level sensor should be placed onboard and power can be drawn from the battery.
Structure -
The aerodynamic shape should be used with a ventilator passageway to counteract the Kantrowitz limit and taper at the rear end for avoiding shock waves and noise control.
Material- honeycomb or stiffened CRF polymer or graphene for weight reduction of vehicles.
Aluminum for chassis and hardened steel for wheel and tracks.
Conductors can be made up of copper and a brake pad can be made up of brass.
Additional system - suspension systems and inside space seating arrangement.

Safety of network - we can use two tubes placed in one tunnel along with interlinking between them to handle multiple pods and to deal with failure due to power, brake, or route or vehicle damage.
Design of pod-as hyperloop network is a costly affair our purpose should be to make it profitable by increasing the amount of travel with each pod and it can be achieved by replacing the seating mechanism by a stack of the case whereas each case will carry one person in sleeping posture. In this way, we can double the passenger travel per pod and Can also provide more safety features in case of accidents.
leaning/Sleeping posture can be used to reduce pod size and subsequently vacuum tube size which will reduce infrastructure cost by many folds but again we can use better arrangements for interior seating arrangements to increase the level of comfort.

Hyperloop network for India - it should be along golden quadrilateral connecting four major cities Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. Also, we can also use a hyperloop network along north-south and east-west national highways.
Mostly we should prefer an underground network through tunneling.
For the first trial, we can build a hyperloop network between mid-east Asia or oil-producing gulf countries and India / China or Europe for oil Transport and good Transport.
Conclusion - in this way the Hyperloop train concept can be used reliably and efficiently used for the rapid transit of goods and passengers across the network of transportation.
By Mayur Waghchoure [email protected]