Project - Analysis of a practical automotive wiring circuit

Q1) ANS 

1) Battery 2) Stater 3) Ignition coil 4) Distributor 5) Generator 6) Current and voltage

regulator 7) Foot selector switch 8) Ammeter 9) Fuse 

Q2) ANS 

1 ) Battery:

Purpose:

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another, through an external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work.

 

Working:

The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build up of electrons at the anode. This results in an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. You can think of this difference as an unstable build-up of the electrons. The electrons wants to rearrange themselves to get rid of this difference. But they do this in a certain way. Electrons repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons.

In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery. When the circuit is closed (a wire connects the cathode and the anode) the electrons will be able to get to the cathode. In the picture above, the electrons go through the wire, lighting the light bulb along the way. This is one way of describing how electrical potential causes electrons to flow through the circuit.

However, these electrochemical processes change the chemicals in anode and cathode to make them stop supplying electrons. So there is a limited amount of power available in a battery.

When you recharge a battery, you change the direction of the flow of electrons using another power source, such as solar panels. The electrochemical processes happen in reverse, and the anode and cathode are restored to their original state and can again provide full power.

2) Generator:

Purpose:

Generators don't actually create electricity. Instead, they convert mechanical or chemical energy into electrical energy. They do this by capturing the power of motion and turning it into electrical energy by forcing electrons from the external source through an electrical circuit.

Working:

Generators are basically coils of electric conductors, normally copper wire, that is tightly wound onto a metal core and is mounted to turn around inside an exhibit of large magnets. An electric conductor moves through a magnetic field, the magnetism will interface with the electrons in the conductor to induce a flow of electrical current inside it.

The conductor coil and its core are called the armature, connecting the armature to the shaft of a mechanical power source, for example, a motor, the copper conductor can turn at exceptionally increased speed over the magnetic field.

The point when the generator armature first starts to turn, then there is a weak magnetic field in the iron pole shoes. As the armature turns, it starts to raise the voltage. Some of this voltage is making on the field windings through the generator regulator. This impressive voltage builds up a stronger winding current, raises the strength of the magnetic field.

The expanded field produces more voltage in the armature. This, in turn, makes more current in the field windings, with a resultant higher armature voltage. At this time the signs of the shoes depended on the direction of flow of current in the field winding. The opposite signs will give the current to flow in the wrong direction.

3)Breaker:

Purpose:

A circuit breaker is an electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent/overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault.

Working:

There are two essential contacts in a circuit breaker, and they are:

• Fixed contacts
• Moving contacts

When the circuit is closed, which is a normal condition, the contacts touch each other and carry the current under this condition. Under a closed circuit breaker, current-carrying contacts are known as electrodes that engage each other due to the pressure of a spring.

The switching and maintenance of the system are taken care of by either opening or closing the arms of the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is opened by applying pressure to the trigger. When there is a faulty current flowing through any part of the system, the trip coil of the breaker gets energized thereby moving away from each other, thus opening the circuit.

Q3 ) ANS 

Given data:

Load = 10 A

Solution:

Power = Voltage * Current

[For Typical Car Battery Voltage is 12 V]

Power = 12*10 = 120 Watt

Fuse Rating is 25% More than actual Power Rating

Power for Fuse Rating = 120 * 1.25 = 150 Watt

I = P/V = 150/12 = 12.5 AMP

Fuse Rating for 10 A load shoud be 12.5 A .

Q4 ) ANS 

If 500W is the load, what is the voltage and capacity of battery you recommend?

Power = Voltage * Current

[For Recommended Voltage is 12 V]

500 = 12 * Current

Current = 500/12 = 41.67 A

Capacity = Current * Time

Capacity = 41.67 * 1 Hr = 41.67 Ah

Thus, Recommended Capacity is 41.67 Ah

Q5 ) ANS 

Parallel Connection B/w

• Generator
• Current and Voltage Regulator

As per the above image Generator with current voltage and regulator are connected in parallel, if two are more components are connected in parallel they have the same differential of potential voltage across their ends.

 Q6) ANS

Series Connection B/w

• Battery: Connected in series with high voltage to improve the drivability and energy efficiency.

• Starter: Starter connected in series With Battery because same current Flows through them.