Project - Analysis of a practical automotive wiring circuit

1. Major elements in the above automotive wiring diagram.

a. Generator

b. Current and Voltage regulator

c. Foot Switch

d. Battery

e. Ammeter

f. Fuse

g. Distributor

h. Circuit Breaker

i. Starter

j. Junction Box

2.

1. BATTERY:

Purpose -Batteries are small essential components to operate many devices. It is one of the key components of our day-to-day life. Some batteries are rechargeable batteries and are used in each and every sector. Below are some of the applications of batteries.

• Automotive
• House
• Health Instruments
• Medical
• Logistics and construction
• Firefighting and Emergency
• Military

WORKING:

• A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy.
• The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another, through an external circuit.
• The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work.
• To balance the flow of electrons, charged ions also flow through an electrolyte solution that is in contact with both electrodes.
• Different electrodes and electrolytes produce different chemical reactions that affect how the battery works, how much energy it can store, and its voltage.

2. Generators:

Generators are useful devices that provide electrical power during a power cut-off and prevent discontinuity of day and night affairs and activities or disruption in operations in different conditions and places. All a generator does is convert the mechanical energy provided from an external source, to electrical energy to provide enough energy for other appliances. It works based on the Faraday law of electromagnetic induction.

Generators also produce the electrical power required for

• automobiles
• aircraft
• ships
• trains

Type Of Electrical Generators:

• AC generators: AC generators are known as single-phase generators and are limited to 25 kW.
• DC generators: These generators are divided into three categories, and they are shunt, series, and compound-wound. Shunt generators are used in battery chargers. Series generators are used in street lights. While most of the DC generators are compound-wound.

3. Current and Voltage Regulator:

Voltage Regulator:

A voltage regulator is a circuit that creates and maintains a fixed output voltage, irrespective of changes to the input voltage or load conditions. Voltage regulators (VRs) keep the voltages from a power supply within a range that is compatible with the other electrical components. By doing this, it protects other components from damage that could be caused by voltage spikes.

Current Regulator:

The purpose of a current regulator is to provide a constant current regardless of changes in the input voltage or load current. The schematic shown in figure 4-42 is that of a circuit designed to provide a constant current of 400 milliamperes.

For a better understanding of this regulator, we need to understand the premium feature of the Zener diode.

Zener Diode:

The Zener diode is a special diode with heavy doping (greater than the P-N diode). It has a special characteristic in its voltage-current curve commonly known as the Zener effect.

3.

The fuse rating is the amount of current needed for the fuse to blow or break. When this happens, it stops the electrical power from flowing through the electrical circuit.

So for the fuse to do its job correctly and protect wires, it should be rated about 1.1 to 1.5 times the rated current value.

Given Load = 10 A

Fuse Rating = 10 x 1.5 = 15 A

4.

Capacity=load*time

load given=500watt

Time =24hours

average of voltage= 12v

capacity=500*24=12000wh

Amp-hours = Watt-hours / Volts

=12000/12=1000AH

5.

As per the diagram Generator with current voltage and regulator are connected in parallel if two are more components are connected in parallel then they have the same differential of potential voltage across their ends.

6.

As per the above image battery and starter are in series to each other because the same current flows through them.