Project 2 - SiC/IGBT isolated gate driver reference design with thermal diode and sensing FET

Q1.

Ans:- A stackup is the arrangement of layers of copper and insulators that make up a PCB before designing the final layout of the board. Stack-up refers to the arrangement of copper layers and insulating layers that make up a PCB prior to board layout design. While a layer stack-up allows you to get more circuitry on a single board through the various PCB board layers, the structure of PCB stack-up design confers many other advantages. For such a designe a 4 or 6 stack layer will be chosen for the simplicity of the circuit and because the output delivered current is not of hight but ±10A drive strength for the gates of the IGBT .

Q2.

Ans:- The important factors to consider when selecting a trace width include:

1. The current capacity of the trace
2. Space availability and manufacturing limitations
3. Trace termination
4. Impedance

Then, the Width is calculated: Width[mils] = Area[mils²] / ( Thickness[oz] * 1.378[mils/oz] ). how ever there are the Trance width could be calculated automaticaliy online after giving important parameters such as current, temperature, trace length. For this example we will assume the 6 layer stackup PCB with a thicknes of 1.6mm.

Absolute via sizes are not really specified according to industry standards. Instead, only the minimum sizes are specified based on the size of the component that will be mounted on the via. These standards must be followed if your PCB is to be compliant. The IPC-2222 standard specifies minimum hole diameters for plated through-hole vias for different classes of vias as follows:

• Minimum hole size = Maximum lead diameter + 0.25 mm (Level)
• Minimum hole size = Maximum lead diameter + 0.20 mm (Level B)
• Minimum hole size = Maximum lead diameter + 0.15 mm (Level C)

In addition to standard via sizes, there are also standardized pad sizes that should be used in compliant PCBs. The IPC-2221A standard defines minimum pad sizes for vias as a + 2b + c, where a is the maximum hole diameter, minimum annular ring size, and c is the fabrication tolerance. The fabrication tolerance depends on whether the vias are mechanically drilled or laser drilled, as well as individual process and machining parameters.

The maximum fabrication tolerances are defined as 0.6 mm for Level A, 0.5 mm for Level B, and 0.4 mm for Level C. If the manufacturer’s tolerance is less than 0.4 mm, then the vias can meet the highest level of certification. Manufacturers usually have different processes that are designed to meet each level.

Each of the levels above refers to a particular “density level.” Level A is used for boards component with low density and components with a large footprint. Level B is a standard density level that is suitable for reflow, wave, drag, or dip soldering. Finally, Level C is used for HDI board with very small, dense components.

Q3.

Ans:-

• Heat Sinks. A PCB is basically a heat-generating factory because of all the heat-producing components it contains. The PCB needs some way to dissipate all that thermal energy. Generally, the answer involves heat sinks. Heat sinks dissipate the heat safely so it will not build up and damage the board.
• Fans. Most electronic devices contain fans for cooling, and part of the purpose of those fans is to help cool PCBs. Cooling fans disperse heat out of electronic devices while letting cool air in, helping to prevent overheating and extend the PCB’s lifespan and performance.
• Considering Materials and Components. Choosing heat-resistant materials one of the most effective strategies for reducing heat in a PCB. For example, heavy copper PCBs constructed with thick copper plates make excellent choices for their durability and ability to withstand high temperatures.
• Increasing Plate Thickness and Width. In PCBs, thicker plates tend to conduct heat less effectively than thinner ones. They require more power to reach high temperatures, so with the right engineering, they can help reduce the risk of overheating, warping and disruption.
• Applying Laminates. Applying laminates is another way to prevent damage from high temperatures. High-temperature PCB laminates can prevent overheating by offering heat protection for the PCB’s components.
• Aligning CTEs. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measures how much a material expands when exposed to high temperatures. In PCB design, it’s ideal for the dielectric layers to have a similar CTE to that of the copper layers. That way, if the layers expand, they do so in a uniform way that leads to minimal damage.
• Maintaining Adequate Spacing. component spacing on a PCB can be a tricky process. When board components are too close together, crosstalk may result — that is, different components may begin interacting with each other in undesirable ways. These unwanted interactions lead to something known as the skin effect. When the skin effect occurs, trace resistances increase, leading to resistive losses and adding heat to the circuit. The skin effect is particularly common with high-frequency PCBs, so engineers must take extra care with component spacing to keep the boards from overheating.
• Integrating Heat Pipes Correctly. Heat pipes in a PCB can help disperse heat as well. The liquid in the pipes can absorb heat and prevent it from damaging the components of the board.
• Q4.
• Ans:-
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• • Smaller size: As electronics are becoming smaller and more sophisticated, PCBS are becoming smaller and smaller. One of the most prominent and acclaimed benefits of using multilayer printed circuit boards is their size. Because of the layered design of a multilayer PCB, it is reduced in size by increasing the number of layers, so it is itself smaller than other PCBS with similar functions. This brings huge benefits to modern electronics such as smartphones, laptops, tablets and wearables.

  • Lighter weight: As PCBS get smaller, component sizes get smaller. The multi-layer PCB design eliminates the multiple connectors required for single - and double-layer PCB interconnections, thus reducing weight. So it's a good option for small electronic devices where weight is a concern.

  • Higher durability: Multilayer PCBS tend to be durable due to their nature. Having more layers tends to mean that the board is thicker and therefore more durable than single-sided PCBS. This is another reason that adding functionality through additional layers is better than increasing the size of a single layer. This enhanced durability means that boards can withstand harsher conditions and often last longer.

  • More powerful:Multilayer PCBS are extremely high-density components that combine multiple layers into a single PCB. The use of multilayer PCB is not only convenient for wiring, but also shortens the length of wiring. These proximity also makes the boards more connected, and their inherent electrical properties allow them to achieve greater capacity and speed.

  • Superior quality: Multilayer boards require more planning and intensive production processes, so they are generally of higher quality than other types of boards. Designing and producing these boards requires more skill and more advanced tools than simple components, thus increasing the possibility of obtaining a high quality product. Many of these designs include complex controlled impedance characteristics and electromagnetic interference shielding, further improving performance.

  • Single connection points: Multilayer PCBS are designed to be used as single units rather than in series with other PCB components. As a result, they have a single connection point instead of the multiple connection points required to use multiple single-layer PCBS. This also proves beneficial in electronic product design, since they only need to include a single join point in the final product. This is especially useful for small electronics and gadgets designed to minimize size and weight.